China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Effect of Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis Natto on Ruminal Fermentation and Activity of Enzymes

ZHANG Hai-tao;WANG Jia-qi;BU Deng-pan;LUAN Shao-yu;WANG Lei;ZHOU Rong;DENG Lu-fang;ZHOU Ling-yun;WEI Hong-yang

2009, 36(12): 5-11.

Abstract ( 1525 )

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Two types of Bacillus subtilis natto culture (Na,N1) were added to the milk/starter/feed to evaluate effects on the fermentation of rumen and the enzyme activity. 24 Holstein bull calves of (7±1) d of age were divided into three treatments: Calves in treatment 1 were fed with the N1 type of Bacillus subtilis natto culture; treatment 2 with Na type of Bacillus subtilis natto culture, control group with none of those two types of culture. The calves were fed with milk supplemented with the Bacillus subtilis Natto, and starter diet was also fed to the calves until weaning. Calves were weaned until their intake of starter was up to 2% of their weight, and four calves were slaughtered randomly after weaning. Other calves were fed with the basal diet with or without Bacillus subtilis natto cultures as before and the calves were slaughtered eight weeks after weaning. The results were as follows:① compared with the control and treatment 2, the pH values in the rumen of the calves in treatment 1 were significantly lower (P<0.05).② The concentration of VFA in the rumen of calves in treatment 1 and 2 was remarkably lower than the control group. No difference was observed in the molar percentage of acetic acid among the three groups after weaning, but eight weeks later, the molar percentage of acetate acid was significantly lower in the N1 group than that in the control (P<0.05).On the contrary, there was remarkable difference in the molar proportions of propionic acid at the time of weaning compared to the control(P<0.05), but no differences existed among the three groups eight weeks after weaning.③ At the time of weaning, the mean NH3-N concentrations in treatment 1 and 2 were lower and significantly lower than that in the control group, respectively. Furthermore, the mean NH3-N concentrations in the two supplemented treatments were dramatically lower than the control eight weeks after weaning(P<0.05).④The activity of protease was higher in the control group than in the other two treatments throughout the whole experiment (P<0.05),however，that of exoglucanase was significantly lower(P<0.05),although no difference was observed on the activity of endoglucanase and β-glucosidase among those three groups. The experiment instructed that the effects of different types of Bacillus subtilis Natto on cows at different stages verified. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis Natto was beneficial for the development of rumen in calves, which promote the growth of the calves.

The Aflatoxin in Feedstuffs，Occurrence Factors and its Effect on Rumen Fermentation

JIANG Ya-hui;YANG Hong-jian;

2009, 36(12): 12-16.

Abstract ( 1468 )

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（1.College of Biological Sciences，China Agricultural University，Beijing 100193，China;
2.College of Animal Science & Technology，China Agricultural University，Beijing 100193，China）

Study on Improvement Effect of Probiotics and Astragalus Polysaccharide in Growth Performance of Piglets

CEN Lu;CHEN Lei;ZHANG Xiao-li;ZHANG Shi-hui;LIU Jian-qiang;LU He-feng

2009, 36(12): 17-19.

Abstract ( 1493 )

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To investigate the clinical improvement effect of probiotics additive combined with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the synergistic effect of a new synbiotics additive combined with the probiotics and astragalus polysaccharide(APS) in growth performance of piglets, the test was processed with total 400 ternary hybrid piglets(Du ×Chang ×Da) of 4 pig farms in Guangdong and Wuhan city separately. The results showed that, for the probiotics, the average daily weight gain had raised 78.26%, the feed to gain ratio had decreased 51.0%, the survival rate had increased 15.3% and the rate of diarrhea had decreased 20.1% separately, comparing with group control;for group new synbiotics additive, the average daily weight gain had raised 8.57% and 5.71% separately, the survival rate had increased 20.0% and 5.0% respectively contrast to group control and probiotics. In conclusion, the probiotics can promote growth performance of piglets, and is not positively related with the race of piglets, the additive APS enhances it too.

Feasibility Research on Reducing Dietary Protein Levels of Growing-finishing Pigs in Northern Cold Season of China

WU Jing;;ZHAO Ke-bin;WANG Li-xian;YAN Hua;ZHAO Heng-Shou;CHENG Du-xue;CAI Chuan-jiang;LIU Xin

2009, 36(12): 20-22.

Abstract ( 1330 )

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In this trial,a total of 147 large white pigs of average body weight 35 kg were randomly divided into three groups. The control group fed corn-soybean basal diet with crude protein level of 16.4%(35 to 60 kg) and 13.9%(60 to 100 kg),low protein I group were supplemented crude protein level of 15.4%(35 to 60 kg) and 13.0%(60 to 100 kg), and low protein Ⅱ group were supplemented crude protein level of 14.3%(35 to 60 kg) and 11.6%(60 to 100 kg).The average temperature of the pigpen was 16 ℃. The results showed that reducing 6% of dietary protein had no significant effects on daily gain,feed conversion,backfat and feed cost of gain at the present pigpen temperature（P>0.05）. So, considering the other beneficial effects of reducing protein feed consumption and harmful gas emissions, and the beneficial effect on environment in pigpen without heating in winter，reducing 6% of dietary protein is feasible in growing-finishing pigs raising.

Effects of Different Treatments on Degradation Rate of NDF and ADF in Stover Silage

LIU Hai-yan;QI Hong-wei;YU Xiu-fang;YU Wei

2009, 36(12): 23-25.

Abstract ( 1455 )

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Effects of Lactobacillus,cellulase and urea on quality of corn stover silage were studied by the experimentation of fermentation which was designed and controlled in groups of Lactobacillus, cellulase,Lactobacillus and cellulase, urea. The results showed that the degradation rate of silage treated with the urea, cellulase and Lactobacillus could be improved remarkably.

Research Advances in Feruloyl Esterase’s Expressing Systems and its Topological Structure

LIU Jing-jing;CAO Yang-chun;YANG Hong-jian;

2009, 36(12): 26-30.

Abstract ( 1288 )

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Feruloyl esterase can catalyze the cleavage of ester bonds between ferulic acid，dehydrodimers of ferulic acid and hemicelluloses which form cross-linked structure，so it would help ruminant microbes increase cell wall digestibility. In this review，basing on analyzing and concluding the methods to isolate and screen strains producing ferulic acid esterases and different FAE expressing systems，we try to expound the topological structure of the protein，as well as recent research on its mechanism and evolution by bioinformatics methods. 

Characterization of Aminoglycosides Modifying Enzymes in rmtB-positive Escherichia coli

CHEN Lin;ZHANG Jun-feng;LIU Jian-hua;CHEN Zhang-liu;ZENG Zhen-ling

2009, 36(12): 31-35.

Abstract ( 1475 )

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To analyse the prevalent characterization of aminoglycosides modifying enzymes in rmtB-positive Escherichia coli from pig farms. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing were used to detect and identify the resistant genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Micro-dilution method was adopted to evaluate the MICs to 10 aminoglycosides. Total of 7 aminoglycoside modifying enzymes were presented in 48 rmtB-positive Escherichia coli from pig farms.And the present ratio of aac(3)-II, aph(3′)-II, aph(3′)-VII, aadA1, aac(6′)-Ib, aac(3)-IV and aph(4)-I were 85.8%, 77.6%, 77.6%, 34.7%, 14.3%, 10.2% and 8.2% by turn.The resistant ratio of the 48 rmtB-positive Escherichia coli to Kanamycin, Amikacin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Sisomicin, Netilmicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin, Spectinomycin and Apramycin were 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 79.2%, 77.1%, 89.6% and 27.1% respectively. The highest coincidence was 98% between the phenotypes to aminoglycosides and genotype of AMEs. It indicated that aminoglycoside modifying enzymes were prevalent in rmtB-positive Escherichia coli. They mediated the resistance of Escherichia coli to aminoglycosides with 16S rRNA methylase-RmtB.

The Effect of Dioxin on Expressions of AhR Genes and the Free Radical

PENG Jie;GAO Hong

2009, 36(12): 36-41.

Abstract ( 1358 )

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The experiment was aimed at the effect of Dioxin on AhR and the protective effect of free radical scavenger (FRS) in the liver. Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (groupⅠ)， Dioxin treatment group (groupⅡ) and GC + Dioxin treatment group (group Ⅲ). GC was used to study the antagonistic effects of Dioxin. After four， eight， twelve and eighteen days blood and liver samples were taken. Compared with control group, the Dioxin group the SOD significantly decrease (P<0.01), and the MDA levels significantly increased (P<0.01). The result of the immunohistochemical examination with AhR exhibited that the AhR decrease markedly (P<0.05) at 4-day age and increase obviously at 8 day age (P>0.05) and at the 12, 16-day age (P<0.01). On the other hand, compared with Dioxins groups GC groups can inhibit the decreasing and increasing (P<0.05). These results indicated that Dioxin could down-regulate the AhR at first and than up-regulate it in the other days. In the nuclear， the Dioxins group increase obviously (P<0.01) at the 4, 8, 12, 16-day age compared with control group. Then compared with Dioxin groups GC groups can inhibit the increasing (P<0.05). The results showed that rat Dioxin poisoning can impact the quantity of AhR, and enduce various kinds poisoning effects. GC has significant protective effect on injuries of Dioxin in the liver.

The Cloning and Sequence Analysis of N Gene and M Gene of Canine Distemper Virus

WANG Jin-fu;ZHANG Yong-xia

2009, 36(12): 42-44.

Abstract ( 1601 )

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According to the reported gene sequence of N protein and M protein of canine distemper virus (CDV) in GenBank, two special pair of primers were designed to RT-PCR amplify N protein coding gene and M protein coding gene by using the total RNA isolated CDV from pet clinic as templates, then the two products were cloned and sequenced. The results showed that the expected length fragments were amplified. The sequence analysis of the amplified fragments showed that the length of N gene was 1572 bp and that of M gene was 1008 bp. The homology of N protein gene sequence between this strain and Onderstepoort strain was 93.9% and A75/17 stain (97.6%)， and the homology of coding amino acid between CDV SH strain and Onderstepoort strain was 96.9% and A75/17(98.7%). The homology of M protein gene sequence between this strain and Onderstepoort strain was 94.5% and A75/17 stain (97.8%)， and the homology of coding amino acid between CDV SH strain and Onderstepoort strain was 97.9% and A75/17 (99.7%). It can be predicted that N protein and M protein have highly conservative property and more close genetic relationship with A75/17 strain than that of Onderstepoort strain.

Development of a LUX PCR Assay for Detection of Streptococcus suis Type 2

WANG Cai-xia;ZHA Cheng-gang;WU Shao-qiang;LIN Xiang-mei

2009, 36(12): 45-48.

Abstract ( 1513 )

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The infection caused by Streptococcus suis type 2 is an important zoonosis. Based on the conserved cps2J region of Streptococcus suis type 2, the LUX primers were designed and the LUX PCR assay was developed to detect Streptococcus suis type 2. The sensitivity and specificity of the developed assay were analyzed by using the tonsils samples artificially contaminated with plasmid DNA as testing materials. Results showed that the developed Streptococcus suis serotype 2 specific LUX PCR assay was sensitive enough to detect 100 copies of plasmid DNA from the mask samples. The assay could distinguish Streptococcus suis serotype 2 from Streptococcus agalactiae, swine Pasteurellosis mutocida, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus suis equi subsp equi, swine Cholerasuis and other swine bacteria pathogens. The developed assay can serve a candidate for the quick detection of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in the field.

Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of 16S rDNA Gene of Stenotrophomnas maltophilia Derived from Swine High Fever Cases

XIE Wen-qi;LI Mi;FENG Ying-chun;YAN Qi-gui

2009, 36(12): 49-52.

Abstract ( 1326 )

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According to the published Stenotrophomnas maltophilia 16S rDNA gene sequences in NCBI, we designed a pair of primers. Two suspected Stenotrophomnas maltophilia strains (PSM-5, PSM-6) were amplified by PCR using the primer. The PCR products were cloned into pMD18-T vectors and transformed into competent cell DH5α. The recombinant plasmid was identified by PCR and restriction enzyme and then sequenced,identifying from the molecular level. The nucleotide identity of 16S rDNA gene (GQ267816, GQ267817） amplified from PSM-5 or PSM-6 strain was of above 96.79%, up to 99.93% compared to those of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, found in the GenBank, which were isolated from different environment. The experiment provides a reference to identify the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia via the 16S rDNA gene, while it lays the foundation of bacteriology for the diagnosis and treatment of the swine high fever, and it makes further discussion of the pathogenesis as well.

Establishment of Reverse Transcriptase Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus M Gene

ZHAO Yan-zong;ZHANG Xian-hao;YU Xiao-li;SU Dan-ping;HE Dong-sheng

2009, 36(12): 53-56.

Abstract ( 1446 )

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A series of specific primers targeting the 6 distinct sequences of M gene were designed based on the sequences of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) GP6 (M) gene available in GenBank. A reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for the rapid detection of PRRSV was developed by using the specific primers. The results showed that the detective sensitivity of RT-LAMP method was higher than that of the two-step RT-PCR. The amplification could be accomplished within 1 h with good specificity and high sensitivity, while no product was generated with porcine circovirus, classic swine fever virus and pseudorabies virus. With the addition of SYBR GREENⅠ, the PT-LAMP of PRRSV could be detected by naked eyes.

PCR Amplification and Sequence Analysis of Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit 1 (cox1) of Syphacia obvelata from Mice

LI Xin;CHEN Xiao-mei;FAN Wen-ying;DENG Jun-you;SONG Hui-qun;ZHU Xing-quan;LIN Rui-qing

2009, 36(12): 57-59.

Abstract ( 1444 )

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The partial sequences of mitochondrion cox1 (pcox1) gene of 5 pinworm samples separated from mice were amplified by PCR and the positive products were sequenced. Then sequences were analysed by BLAST and compared with Syphacia obvelata and S. montana available in GenBank. The results revealed that the length of the pcox1 sequence was 373 bp. Sequence alignments showed that genetic variation within 5 pinworm samples was very small, with only one mutation locus, and these samples were identified as S. obvelata by BLAST. The inter-specific sequence difference was 5.24%-5.28% between S. obvelata samples and S. montana available in GenBank. These findings showed that the intra-specific variations of cox1 were low for S. obvelata and the inter-specific sequence differences were comparatively higher between S. obvelata and S. montana. The results provided foundation for further studies of population genetics of pinworms. 

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Yuanyang Duck MHC-I αChain Mature Peptide Gene of the Extracellular Domain

SUN Kai;LI Xin-sheng;CUI Bao-an;CHEN Hong-ying;WEI Zhan-yong;ZHANG Lei;SONG Ya-peng;RUAN Wu-ying;

2009, 36(12): 60-62.

Abstract ( 1347 )

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Yuanyang duck MHC class Iα chain cDNA was completely amplified from a duck spleen by RT-PCR, then cloned and sequenced. The result showed cloned duck MHC class Iα chain gene span is 909 bp, which encodes 303 amino acid residues, including a complete Yuanyang duck MHC-Iα chain mature peptide (813 bp) of the extracellular domain. The results of homology analysis with other duck MHC-Iα chain mature peptide gene of the extracellular domain revealed that there was identity of 89.4% to 91.0% at nucleotide homology. This study paved the way for future study of expression, biological function and application of duck MHC-Iα chain mature peptide of the extracellular domain.

Research Progress on Classical Swine Fever Virus Proliferation Inhibited by RNA Interference

MIAO Xin-yan;FU Rong;ZHAO Qiu-ju

2009, 36(12): 63-66.

Abstract ( 1379 )

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RNA interference（RNAi） is the ubiquitous monitoring and self-protection mechanism in eukaryote that can resist virus entry and regulate gene expression. With researching deeply, it was shown that RNAi was initially effective in antiviral treatment. The summary discuss the important progress in the research of proliferation of classical swine fever virus inhibited by RNAi and also put forword the problems and research direction. 

Study on Transfect Sheep Fibroblasts by DNA with GFP

AN Xing-lan;WANG Zi-zhu;ZHANG Zhi-chong;QU Li-wei;WANG Chun-sheng;PIAO Shan-hua;AN Tie-zhu

2009, 36(12): 67-69.

Abstract ( 1443 )

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In order to establish highly efficient system of transfected sheep fibroblast, cationic liposome method was used to transfect subcultured 3 to 5 passage ovine fibroblasts by plasmids with green fluorescence protein (GFP) report gene, with the view of confirming the best transfection method and its optimization. Results showed that transfection efficiency could get maximal with 0.2 μg DNA and 2.0 μL LipofectamineTM 2000 in 12 hours under the circumstance of using plasmid DNA taken by Plasmid Purification Mini Kit-spin column. Green fluorescence near the nucleus became dimmer and dimmer with the lapse of time after the initial strong expression, on the contrary, it enhanced gradually in the cytoplasm.

The Associations between Polymorphisms within DECR1 Gene andGrowth Traits of Shanxi White Pigs

LI Bu-gao;LI Gen-yin;WANG Xiao-jing;LI You-shan;CAO Guo-qing;ZHOU Zhong-xiao

2009, 36(12): 70-73.

Abstract ( 2103 )

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The polymorphisms in the 5th exon of DECR1 gene were detected using PCR-SSCP in 192 Shanxi white pigs. And the effects of different genotypes on growth traits of Shanxi white were analyzed by least square analysis. The results showed that the polymorphisms in the 5th exon site were found and three genotypes were CC，CD and DD，respectively. The polymorphisms of DECR1 gene had significant association (P＜0.05) with body weight，body height and chest girth at six-month age. Pigs with genotype CD had significantly higher body weight，body height and chest girth at six-month age than those with DD (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences among three genotypes on body lenth (P＞0.05)，but the tendency of CD＞CC＞DD was showed. And in this site，there were no significant differences among three genotypes on backfat thickness (P＞0.05)，while the tendency of CC＜CD＜DD was showed either. Therefore，genotype CD may have positive genetic effect on growth performance.

Polymorphism of Site 1007 in the Coding Region of Growth Differentiation Factor 9 Gene of Guizhou White Goats

ZHOU Ze-xiao;RAN Xue-qin;WANG Jia-fu

2009, 36(12): 74-76.

Abstract ( 1187 )

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Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), secreted by oocytes, is essential for growth and differentiation of ovarian follicles. Based on sequence of GDF9 gene from Guizhou white goat, site 1007 of GDF9 coding region was different from reported sequence according to the sequence of coding region 1007 region, three primers were designed. Polymorphisms of the 1007 site in GDF9 gene in Guizhou white goats were detected by anchored polymerase chain reaction method (AS-PCR). Sequencing results revealed that one single nucleotide change at 1007 bp (C→T) of the coding region of GDF9 gene, which resulted in substitution of valine from alanine (V18A). Further, genetypes of goat population with low fecundity were heterozygous, and 90% of goats with high fecundity were heterozygous. The difference was not significant (P>0.05). It suggested that the polymorphism of C1007T of GDF9 gene was unrelated with the prolificacy of Guizhou white goats.

Genetic Breeding Application Study of Microsatellite DNA Markers Genetic Character in Livestock

ZHANG Na-na;WANG Qing-yi;WANG Yu-qin;WANG Zhan-bin

2009, 36(12): 77-80.

Abstract ( 1346 )

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The mechanism microsatellite DNA marker’s principle, function, the formation character were summarized in this assay. The application of microsatellite DNA marker to animal genetic breeding was analysed. The study provided the reference for the further research and utilizations.

CR-SSCP Analysis on TLR10 Gene in Holstein Cows

LI Tuo;CHU Ming-xing;WANG Jin-yu;AN Yong-fu;DI Ran;FANG Li

2009, 36(12): 81-83.

Abstract ( 1292 )

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The TLR10 (Toll-like receptor 10) gene was studied as a candidate gene for mastitis resistance in 210 Holstein cows. Polymorphism of TLR10 gene was detected with fifteen pairs of primers by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) in 210 Holstein cows. No polymorphism was detected in the amplified region, and this result indicated that the genetic markers that affect mastitis resistance in Holstein cows may not exist in the detected region of TLR10 gene.

Progress of China Local Horse in Genetic Resouce

CHENG Yue-jiao;MA Yue-hui;HAN Jun-wen

2009, 36(12): 84-88.

Abstract ( 1215 )

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China has a rich breed resources of local horse,and a long history of domesticated horse.The horse used to played an important role in the early production of human social life.This paper introduces in the study on the origin of the local horse,its kinds,distribution and the progress of horse genetic diversity.

Study on Polymorphisms of Pit-1 Gene in Improved Hybrid BeefCattle Groups from Liupan Mountain Area

LI Ju-cai;ZHANG Chun-zhen;YANG Yi;YU Jian-yong;YANG Zhi-qi;TANG Guo-chong;YANG Mai-dui

2009, 36(12): 89-92.

Abstract ( 1299 )

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Polymorphism of the pituitary special transcription factor-1(Pit-1) in improved hybrid beef cattle group from Liupan mountain area in Ningxia province was investigated to give the rationale for hybrid improvement. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) technology was carried out to examine polymorphisms of Pit-1 gene of 101 individuals.The results showed that PCR products of 451 bp digested by restriction enzyme Hinf I showed polymorphisms. The frequencies of three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were 6.93%(7 individuals)，34.65%（35 individuals） and 58.42%（59 individuals）.There were three genotypes of Pit-1 gene in improved hybrid beef cattle group from Liupan mountain area in Ningxia province. 

Kisspeptins/GPR54 System and Puberty Onset

ZHANG Ying;YU Jian-feng;GU Zhi-liang

2009, 36(12): 93-96.

Abstract ( 1701 )

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The activation of GnRH pulsatile release is a key step of animal sexual development. Studies show that kisspeptins/GPR54 system, playing a pivotal role in activation of GnRH pulsatile release, is a regulator of sexual development onset. Studies regarding the intracellular signaling pathways on kisspeptins/GPR54 confirm that kisspeptins can activate a wide variety of signals via GPR54 to exert the other roles. Additionally, some factors such as photoperiod and energy reserve affect animal sexual development remarkably.

Study on Reproductive Traits for ESR and FSHβ Gene in Jinyang White Pigs

ZHOU Sheng-hua; HE Dong-chang;LIU Wen-zhong;ZHAO Wu-heng;LI Wen-gang;JIAO Fu-lin

2009, 36(12): 97-99.

Abstract ( 1400 )

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60 Jinyang white pig’s ESR and FSHβ genes were studied using PCR-RFLP and PCR ways. The effects of different genotypes of ESR and FSHβ genes on the reproductive traits were analyzed. The results showed that in the detected pigs, ESR and FSHβ genes had significant difference for reproductive traits. The allelic gene B was favorable alleles and the BB individual was excellent genotypes.

Actions of Mammary Epithelial Cells in Mastitis

MENG Li-li;ZHONG Kai;ZHU He-shui

2009, 36(12): 103-105.

Abstract ( 1472 )

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An important physiological function of mammary epithelial cells is to synthesize and secrete major nutrients of milk. As one important part of innate immunity, the role of mammary epitheliai cells played in prevention and therapy of mastitis received a wide publicity. Immunologic active material was researched by primary mammary epitheliai cell cultures and cell line, and the results showed that mammary epithelial cells can secrete a large number of immune-regulating factors when pathogens invade the mammary gland, such as chemokine，pro-inflammatory cytokine and host defense peptide. These immune active ingredients play an important role in mastitis occurrence and its development.

Based on Client/Server Foundation of the Grazing Milk Digital Management System

HU Yu-long;XIAO Jian-hua;WANG Hong-bin;SHI Lu-yi;ZHAO Dong-fang

2009, 36(12): 106-108.

Abstract ( 1307 )

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Construction the material milking management system was developed by NET platform and N layer structure and client/server pattern, this system realized several funetion，such as information of cows can be manager by this system, based on this, reeord keeping dairy management the quality of material milk and statistic analysis of production data and so on. 

Survey on the Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Ostriches and Species Identification

QI Meng;XU Li-na;SUN Yan-ru;REN Xu-peng;WANG He-lei;AN Chun-xia;ZHANG Long-xian;NING Chang-shen

2009, 36(12): 109-111.

Abstract ( 1396 )

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To understand the infection status of ostrich Coccidium spp.，a total of 582 fresh stool samples from six sampling points in Zhengzhou area were examined by Shether’s sugar floatation technique. The results showed that 273 samples were Coccidium-positive，with the infection rate of 46.91%. There was significant difference in infection rate in different sampling points (P<0.01). Coccidium spp. mainly infect the 0 to 3 months ostriches，and the difference between infection rate and age was statistically significant (P<0.01). The average size of oocysts obtained was 23.85 μm × 21.88 μm，with the oocyst index of 1.06. The oocysts were identified as Isospora struthionis based on the shape data measured. 

Comparison of Humoral Immune Effects of Three Kinds of Oil-adjuvant Emulsified Inactivated Vaccines of Swine Foot and Mouth Disease Type O

SI Xing-kui;;XIE Yue-ji;HUANG Jia-run;ZENG Bao-zhong;LI Yan-chao

2009, 36(12): 112-114.

Abstract ( 1594 )

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To compare the humoral immune effects of three kinds of oil-adjuvant emulsified inactivated vaccine, ninety one pigs of 51-day-old were randomly divided into healthy control group or AA, BB, CC, AAA, BBB and CCC groups which were inoculated with A, B or C vaccine with two or three times, and booster inoculation was conducted every 4 weeks post inoculation (WPI). Blocking ELISA was applied to detect specific antibody blocking rates at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 WPI, respectively. The results showed that the antibody blocking rates of inoculated group AA, BB and CC were peaked at 8WPI, i.e. 60.1%, 39.0% and 45.2%, and antibody levels were declined sharply since 8 WPI, the corresponding antibody blocking rates were 19.7%, 25.2% and 31.0%, respectively; while the antibody blocking rates of AAA, BBB and CCC had been increased gradually since 8 WPI, the corresponding antibody blocking rates were 46.3%, 48.1% and 50.1%, and antibody positive rate of each one were no less than 46%, taking together, the humoral immune effects order of six inoculation group was 46.3%, 48.1% and 50.1%.

Isolation and Identification of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus from Anhui

ZHU Liang-qiang;WANG Fei;ZHAN Song-he;HE Chang-sheng;WANG Ai-ping;YAO Xue-jing;WANG Li;LIU Hua;WANG Jun;SHEN Yan

2009, 36(12): 115-119.

Abstract ( 1744 )

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Three virus strains (AH1, AH2 and AH3) with cytopathic effects were isolated from the invasive swine farms in Anhui area. The virus was sphere with envelope and diameter of 50 nm by negative stain under electron microscope. Thin section showed the virus replicated in cytoplasm with diameter of 40 - 80 nm. The physicochemical characterization showed these strains were sensitive to the treatment with chloroform, ether, formalin, and 56 ℃. The specific fluorescent were seen when the virus reacted with PRRSV antiserum. There are two gene absence place of 90 nt in Nsp2 gene through gene sequencing. Comparing with the variant JXA1 stain, the isolated virus has the most recent relationship. These results confirmed the isolated virus were high pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.

Research Progress of Pig Interferon-beta

XU Hui;LIU De-hui;GUO Xiao-feng

2009, 36(12): 120-122.

Abstract ( 1337 )

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Interferon is a kind of high-activity and multi-unction glucoprotein produced by interferon-induced biological cells. Since it was found, researchers are paying more and more attentions to it because of its extensively anti-virus and anti-tumor activity and its strongly immunity-regulating function. A huge breakthrough has been made in its genie structure and functional mechanism and its recombination and expression in vitro. This paper summarized the basic characteristics of interferon-beta, mechanism of interferon- beta and clinical application of interferon-beta.

Selenium and Animal Disease Prevention

WU Xiao-ying;ZHANG Chun-xiang;REN You-she;CAO Gui-dong;YUE Wen-bin

2009, 36(12): 125-127.

Abstract ( 1374 )

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Selenium is one of the essential trace elements for human and animal. It can enhances resistance to disease and prevents infection disease and epidemic disease. Selenium deficiency will bring about many diseases. The article reviewed existence forms of trace element Selenium in organism，Selenium and immune，Selenium and virus infection，common animal disease lacking of Selenium to provide reference for the investigation and use of trace element Selenium.

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Streptococcus suis Mixed Infection

WU Yu-chen;GUO shuang;YIN Zheng-xing;TANG Guang-wu;LIU Guang-hui

2009, 36(12): 132-134.

Abstract ( 1563 )

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The author research a case which was suspicious of porcine circovirus type 2 and Streptococcus suis mixed infection in June 2009.The clinical symptom of infected pigs included high fever,anhelation,venous hyperemia. Hemorrhagic lymphadenitis or simple lymphadenitis, apyogenous encephalitis, multiple arthrophlogosis, acute inflammatory splenectasis were found through autopsia. It can be diagnosed porcine circovirus type 2 and S. suis mixed infection though clinical symptom, anatomical change, and laboratory examination. The author gave some advices about prevention and treatment to provide reference for diagnosis and therapy of mixed infection case.

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria and Sensitivity to Disinfectant in Chicken House Air

SHI Yu-xiang;WANG Sui-hua;ZHONG Cui-hong;LI Jing-hua;LI Cun;WANG Chun-hua

2009, 36(12): 137-139.

Abstract ( 1474 )

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This experiment researched Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic Escherichia coli of the scale chicken from Handan， Xingtai, Tangshan areas of Hebei,and the sensitivity of disinfectant. According to the characteristics of bacteria cultivation, morphology, biochemistry experiment, animal experiment and glass board agglutinate experiment，7 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 6 strains of pathogenic E.coli（1 strains O15 , 2 strains O26 , 1 strains O93 and 2 strains O78）were isolated, the air of scale henhouses contains Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic Escherichia coli, which made the masculine gender rate was 63.6% and 27.27% respectively by statistics. The bacterial sensitivity to the disinfectant was detected by filter method. The sensitivity of two pathogenic bacteria was much different to disinfectant. The results of the test show that the level of air pollution in scale hen houses results from the pathogenic bacteria is different, as well as the sensitivity of disinfectant.

Study on the Development of DNA Vaccine

WANG Chang-qing;YANG Bing

2009, 36(12): 143-146.

Abstract ( 1215 )

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As the third generation of vaccine, DNA vaccine seems to be advantageous over classic immunization with which was used safely, economically and conveniently. Replicative DNA vaccine（or suicidal DNA vaccine） was based on conventional DNA vaccine and RNA self-replicon-based vaccine, it not only has high stability and security, but also has high level of heterologous gene expression. In this article, the development of classic DNA vaccine and construction, biological mechanism, advantage and some new advances in research on replicative DNA vaccine are briefly reviewed.

Establishment of Antibody Indirect ELISA of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and its Initial Application

JIA Feng-qin;LI Gang;LI Wei;SHI Li-jun;HU Xiao-hua

2009, 36(12): 149-152.

Abstract ( 1364 )

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This study established an indirect antibody enzyme-linked assay system based on the nucleocapsid （N） protein of peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV).We optimized some factors such as antigen coating concentration (10 mg/L)，the dilution of serum was 1∶40，the work concentration of HRP-labeled anti-goat IgG(1∶200)，reacted conditions of samples and HRP-labeled anti-goat IgG(37 ℃，60 min).The CV is not beyond 0.1.The developed method is suitable for PPRV monitoring and detection，especially for screening large number of samples in farms.

Comparative Study on Analysis and Fitting of Bian Chicken Growth Curve

ZHANG Gen-xi;DING Fu-xiang;ZHANG Li-jun;ZHANG Li;WEI Yue;ZHOU Sheng-hua;WANG Jin-yu

2009, 36(12): 175-177.

Abstract ( 1456 )

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The growth curve of Bian chicken was analyzed and fitted with three kinds of nonlinear models(Logistic, Gompertz, Bertallanffy). The results showed that the growth curves were appropriately fitted with three models. The values of R2 were higher than 0.99, and the Bertallanffy models had the best effect on fitting with the growth curve（the values of R2 in cock and hen were 0.9974 and 0.9984 respectively）. It is feasible to analyze and fit the growth curve of the Bian chicken using the three models.

Effect of Rearing Ways on Carcass Performance of Lushi Green-shell-egg Chickens

XU Ting-sheng;LEI Xue-qin;ZHANG Dan;WU Qiu-jue;XIAO Zan-qi;GAO Ling-zhao;MA Yan-bo;BAI Dong-ying

2009, 36(12): 178-180.

Abstract ( 1301 )

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20 Lushi green-shell-egg chickens reared in two different ways were tested in this research, which half were reared in cage and other half reared in free-range separately. Ten of these chickens’ carcass performance was measured after slaughtered randomly (5 emale and 5 female) when the chickens were reared at 49 weeks of age. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in live weight, slaughter rate, half carcass weight rate, eviscerated carcass weight rate, breast muscle rate, leg muscle rate, abdominal fat rate, wing weight, heart weight, liver weight, spleen weight, intestines weight, stomach weight and the weight of reproductive organs(P>0.05) between two rearing ways. There were no significant difference on all of cocks’ carcass performances in two rearing conditions (P>0.05), whereas there were extremely affection on hens' the head weight, the neck weight and the foot weight (P<0.01). At the same raising condition, the cocks’ eviscerated carcass weight rate, abdominal fat rate, head weight, foot weight, neck weight, wing weight, heart weight and intestines weight were higher than hens’(P<0.01), but there were no significant difference on the liver weight, spleen weight and stomach weight (P>0.05). The cocks’ live weight, leg muscle rate and the weight of reproductive organs were higher than hens’ (P<0.05), but not significance on half carcass weight rate and breast muscle rate (P>0.05) when Lushi chickens were reared in cages. The hens’ reproductive organs were higher than cocks’ when the chickens were reared in freedom (P<0.01). The relationship between cocks’ slaughter rate and its head weight, neck weight, intestines weight, weight of reproductive organs were no significant correlations in different raising ways(P>0.05); the relationship between hens’ slaughter rate and foot weight, wing weight, intestines weight and spleen weight were significant correlations(P<0.05).

Determination of Phthalate Acid Esters Plasticizers in Milk Cow Feed

YANG Liu;LU Ping;YANG Kai;YU Tong-quan;WANG Jian-li

2009, 36(12): 181-186.

Abstract ( 1227 )

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The GC/MS detection was used to investigate the environmental hormone (PAEs) contents of phthalate esters in the ensilage and concentrated feed of milk cows. The results showed that the PAEs was completely extracted from feed with acetonitrile and ultrasonic in 30 min. The recovery coefficients were from 85.42% to 104.92%, and relative standard deriations (RSD) were 1.12% to 4.97%, these results indicated that the method had high recoverity, low variation of RSD and effective and accurate to detect of PAEs in feed. The contents of dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) and phthalate (2-ethy1) hexy1(DEHP) were relatively high in the feed samples. In the green storage feed, not only the individual data but also the total amount of the PAEs was significantly higher than the data of concentrated feed. It concluded that the arable soil has been polluted by the PAEs which came from the agricultural plastic films. What follows next, the crops which were as feed to be used were polluted through the farmland affected by the PAEs, and then, the feed was contamintated. People should pay more attention to this process of pollution and it is necessary to further study.

Advance on Electroporation for Gene Transfer to Skeletal Muscles

PI Wen-hui;SONG Zhi-qiang;JI Yong;LIU Shou-ren

2009, 36(12): 187-191.

Abstract ( 1256 )

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At the present, electroporation of skeletal muscle has been used extensively to transfer a number of functional genes in multiple large animal models. Electroporation greatly increases transfection efficiency of nonviral-vector gene in skeletal muscle. The possible mechanism was discussed on electro-gene-transfer across the cell membrane and the critical factors were analyzed which had a full impact on skeletal electro-gene-transfer efficacy include species, cell size, field strength, pulse parameters, electrodes and electroporater. 

The Influence of Animal Welfare upon China’s Foreign Trade of Animals, Animal Products and Related Services and Ountermeasure Research

SUN Ying-jie;GAO Yan-sheng;LIN Yu;MA Xiao-zhen;LIU Jie;YU Shi-yu;et al

2009, 36(12): 192-197.

Abstract ( 1416 )

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The emergence of animal welfare based trade barrier, its characteristics and impact on international trade were scrutinized, and the problems existing in the animal welfare of our country and the gap between us and the developed countries identified. An evaluation of the influence of animal welfare policies on China’s export trade of animals, animal products and related services was done. A proposal to build an animal welfare protection system, which is suited to the conditions in China and conforms to international practices is presented consisting of 8 points:①vigorously push ahead with the legislature of China’s animal welfare law；②truly elevate the level of animal welfare protection in China；③give top priority to intensifying the legislative procedure for an entry/exit animal welfare law；④absorb the efforts of the industry in the entry/exit animal welfare law legislating process；⑤take full advantage of the WTO machine to counter foreign animal welfare trade barriers；⑥set up and update an early warning system for animal welfare trade barriers；⑦apply the hazard analysis and critical control point principle in managing animal welfare；⑧gradually establish an animal welfare accreditation system for livestock farms.

Analysis of Physical Characteristics of Pheasant Eggs

HAN Zhan-bing;CHEN Li-dun;LIU Jian;ZHANG Gui-zhi

2009, 36(12): 198-199.

Abstract ( 1417 )

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In order to study physical characteristics of pheasant eggs, 30 eggs of American pheasant were involved in this study. The results showed that average egg weight was 28.56 g egg specific density was 1.091, egg shape index was 1.22， shell thickness was 0.326 mm, haugh unit was 66.39. Proportion of albumen, yolk and shell were 55.24%, 33.10% and 11.67%, respectively. The rate of blood and meat-spot of eggs was 10%. Egg yolk Roche color was 7.03.

Determination of Ractopamine Residues in Swine Urine by Direct Competitive Chemiluminescence Immunoassay

GAO Bin-wen;ZHANG Su-xia;LIANG Yong-hong;XING Bao-song

2009, 36(12): 200-203.

Abstract ( 1423 )

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A method was developed for the determination of RAC residues in swine urine by direct competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). The limit of detection was 0.09 ng/mL and the detection ranged from 0.3 ng/mL to 157.0 ng/mL. At the fortified levels of 0.5 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL, mean recoveries ranged from 76.3% to 87.6%. The intra-assay variations were 10.0% to 12.2% and the inter-assay variations were 14.2% to 15.2%.

Correlation Analysis of Breeding Traits Affecting the Litter Weight of New Line Duroc Pigs at 60-day-old

HUA Sheng;MEI Shu-qi;PENG Xian-wen

2009, 36(12): 204-206.

Abstract ( 1436 )

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The major breeding traits which affected the litter weight of new line Duroc pigs at 60-day-old were found by using path coefficeient,determination coefficient and multi-factor gradual regression analysis.60-day litter size,20-day litter size,60-day weight and 20-day weight had great influence, but the birth weight,liveborn weight and number born alive had little influence .The optimal regression equation which affected the litter weight at 60-day-old was Y=2.1836X⁴-15.6442X⁵-11.4572X⁶+ 18.192X⁷+6.9936X⁸-44.6259.

Effect of Genistein on Slaughter Performance and Lipids Metabolism in Ducks

MENG Ting;ZUO Wei-yong;WANG Jian;HAN Zheng-kang

2009, 36(12): 207-209.

Abstract ( 1259 )

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This experiment was designed to explore the effect of genistein on slaughter performance and lipids metabolism in ducks. 300 one-day-old cherry valley ducks were randomly divided into 3 groups. Control group was fed a basal diet and two treatment groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 3 and 6 mg/kg genistein, respectively. After 7 weeks, ducks (10 male, 10 female) were killed to test slaughtering index and detect serum lipid level in blood. Compared with control group, the addition of genistein had no effect on the slaughter performance and blood biochemical indices of female duck. Abdominal fat rate, serum total cholesterol concentrations and LDL levels of male duck were decreased significantly adding 3 and 6 mg/kg genistein in basal diet. The muscle ratio and serum leptin levels were significant increased with the addition of 6 mg/kg genistein in diet. Results showed that genistein could impact serum biochemical index and endocrine hormones levels, in turn, affect performance in male ducks. This experiment also indicated there were some significantly difference between different gender.

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