In order to understand the sequence characteristics, basic structure and genetic variation of P46 gene which was the main immunogenic surface membrane protein gene of local prevalent Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) strains in Guangxi Luchuan pig.The Mhp P46 gene in positive diseased swine samples which were collected from the purebred Luchuan pig farms in Guangxi from 2011 to 2013 was amplified using PCR,and then cloned into pMD18-T vector and transformed into E.coli DH5α.We chose the positive clones and sequenced.We amplified P46 genes of four positive strains (GXLC1,GXLC2,GXLC3 and GXLC4).Use the DNAStar software to analyse the cloned sequence.The results showed that P46 gene sequence was 1104 bp coding 368 amino acids.The sequence included three Trps coded by TGA codons which weren’t termination codons and one Arg coded by CGG codons which weren’t nonsense code.The homologies of nucleotide sequences of 4 strains were 98.4% to 99.4%,and the homologies of deduced amino acid sequences were 98.6% to 99.5% with these sequences of standard J strain,232 strain,7448 strain and 168 strain.The P46 genes of these strains had highly conservation because of the high-level homologies.

A double antibody sandwich ELISA for detection of Trypanosoma evansi variant surface glucoprotein (VSG) antigen was established by using two monoclonal antibodies against Trypanosoma evansi VSG antigen.The result of sensitivity showed when positive serum was diluted to 3200 doubles， its D_{450 nm} value was still greater than the critical value of positive and negative,and specificity test result showed that there was no cross reaction with the antigens of Theileria,Toxoplasma gondii,Chlamydia and Fasciola gigantica.82 clinical sera were detected by this double antibody sandwich ELISA and its positive rate was 9.76%.The experiment results demonstrated that this double antibody sandwich ELISA for detection of Trypanosoma evansi VSG antigen had good detecting sensitivity and specificity,and could be used as an effective method for clinical detecting buffalo Trypanosoma evansi disease.

The envelope （env） gene of reticuloendotheliosis virus （REV） as a report gene,could be used for quantitative detection of different promoters transcription activity in vitro, and provide the basis for choosing suitable promoter of living-vector vaccine of Marek’s disease virus （MDV）. We constructed six recombinant plasmids,containing different promoter and expressing env gene, transfected into chicken embryo fibroblast, detected different promoter transcriptional and expressional level by indirect immunofluorescence test and fluorescent quantitative PCR. The results showed that different promoters had different activity and all expressed env gene in vitro. Comparing to the other promoters, we found the own promoter activity of MDV was weak, the pec was the strongest in vitro.

The purpose of this study was to identify different expression of microRNAs between cerebellum of SPRN^0/0 mice and C57BL/6 wild mice, and investigate relative expression results of microRNA in cerebrum of SPRN^0/0 mice by Real-time PCR technology. The results showed that compared with cerebellum of C57BL/6 wild mice, eight microRNAs were decreased significantly:miR-135a, miR-24-2*, miR-146a, miR-7a, miR-380, miR-448, miR-128 and miR-152. miR-24-2* fold change to more than 10, five microRNAs including miR-448，miR-146a，miR-128，miR-380 and miR-152 fold change to more than 2, miR-135a and miR-7a fold change to more than 1. Thus, we concluded that these changes of microRNAs expression might be involved in Shadoo protein function and the establishment of target genes of microRNAs might provide new ideas for researching Shadoo protein function.

To establish a method for simultaneous detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV), a multiplex PCR was developed with a set of specific primers designed based on the conserved sequences of CSFV, PRRSV, PRV, PCV2 and PPV. Under the optimized conditions of multiplex PCR，five special fragments of 167 (CSFV)，433 (PRRSV)，305 (PRV), 559 (PCV2) and 882 bp (PPV) were amplified with a detection limit of 220, 1.6, 72, 400 and 370 pg, respectively. But the multiplex PCR amplification results of swine influenza virus （SIV）, Japanese encephalitis virus （JEV）, Streptococcus suis （SS） and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus （PEDV） were negative．The results showed that the multiplex PCR method was capable of CSFV, PRV, PRRSV， PCV2, PPV infection of single or mixed clinical samples for rapid diagnosis.

The growth hormone receptor (GHR) is the key regulator of postnatal growth which belongs to the type Ⅰ cytokine receptor that mediates many functions regulated by growth hormone (GH). Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to the GHR have been important tools for the study of this receptor. All these anti-GHR mAbs, designated 1H2, 1A9, 2C3 and mAb263, are highly reactive with GHR, but 1A9 does not promote growth in hypophysectomized rats, 2C3 can do and this effect will be inhibited in the presence of GH. mAb263 as the commercial monoclonal antibody that binding to the receptor has a similar effect with GH, not only can recognise GHR，but also can induce a conformational change of the receptor in a similar manner, but not identical with GH.

The purpose of the experiment was to establish a rapid multiplex PCR detection method which could distinguish B.abortus，B.melitensis，B.suis and B.canis. According to the differences of IS711 and complete genome sequences，four pairs of primers were designed. Multiplex PCR reaction system and conditions were optimized，the specificity，sensitivity and stability of the multiplex PCR were analyzed.Through the establishment of the multiplex PCR，B.abortus，B. melitensis，B. suis and B.canis could amplify the expected fragment，the sizes of the expected fragment were 494，732，591 and 272 bp，respectively. The PCR sensitivity of B.abortus，B.melitensis，B.suis and B.canis were 1.1×10²，5.1×10²，3.5×10² and 2.5×10² CFU/mL，respectively. Detected artificially infectious samples of milk by PCR，PCR sensitivity could reach 1.0×10³ CFU/mL.The developed multiplex PCR method was simple，fast，high sensitivity，and had good prospects and important significance for the identification of B.abortus，B.melitensis，B.suis and B.canis.

Persistent infection and immunologic tolerance are important characteristics of bovine viral diarrhea disease, which have caused great difficulties on the diagnosis, quarantine and prevention of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), so a fast and efficient detection method of BVDV is quite necessary. A pair of primers were designed based on the gene sequences of BVDV 5′UTR published in GenBank, then established the Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR detection method with SYBR Green Ⅰ to detect BVDV. The results showed that the detection method had high specificity, strong sensitivity and good repeatability. Thus, the detection method of the Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR would provide an effective means for the rapid detection of BVDV and persistent infected animals. It could supplement and perfect the quarantine and diagnostic methods of BVDV.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 1 （NHE1） gene expression and its normal physiological functions. The primers were designed and synthesized based on the nucleotide sequences of NHE1 gene available in GenBank. The 204 bp fragments were amplified by RT-PCR from mRNA of Jinghai Yellow chickens, and then the fragments were cloned and sequenced. The recombinant plasmids were diluted by 10-fold serial and used as the Real-time PCR standard templates. The constructed standard curve had a relative coefficient R² = 0.9903 and the regressing equation:y =-3.4643x+35.9000 suggested it was successful, and they provided powerful tools for quantification of mRNA of NHE1 gene in Jinghai Yellow chickens.

The assay was aimed to analyze the molecular epidemiological character of influenza A (H7N9) virus in 2013. The complete genome sequences of NA of influenza virus strains from different discrete host sources downloaded from the GenBank were analyzed on genetic evolution by DNAStar software in this research. The results showed that, the neck amino acids of NA in influenza A (H7N9) virus in 2013 was deleted; HB site of NA took adaptive changes in certain degrees; the active site of proteases of HA with seven glycosylation sites was unchanged; the top ten high nucleotide homology strains with HA of A/Hangzhou/1/2013(H7N9) had isolated from poultry in five Asian countries, the nucleotide homology was more than 96%. It was not clear whether the NA gene of novel reassortment influenza A (H7N9) virus strains was avian-to-human transmission and needed further study.

This study was aimed to investigate α-mannosidase (AMA) gene transcription at different time by intragastric drenching different doses of swainsonine (SW) to mice. Animal total RNA extraction kit, microplate method, gel electrophoresis and Real-time quantitative PCR were used in this experiment to extract liver total RNA and detect RNA purity, RNA integrity and AMA gene transcription. The results showed that AMA gene of the experimental groups and control group were expressed and different experimental groups had different transcription levels. Compared with control group, low doses of SW could promote AMA gene expression and the promotion gradually increased as the trial went on. However, high and middle doses of SW could promote AMA gene expression in initial stage and inhibit it seriously in long time and the inhibition gradually increased as the trial went on. The results showed that different doses of SW had effect on mouse liver AMA gene transcription and expression at different time and different levels.

Using spectinomycin (SPE), carboxyl methyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride （CMO）， glycol diglycidyl ether （EDE）, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin （OVA） as the main stuff, four artificial-immunogens had been obtained by the N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated ester method and the EDE double functional group method. Ten female rabbits were immunized with this two artificial-immunogens. Animal immune test demonstrated that there were antibodies against SPE in rabbits sera. The polyclonal antibody was measured with indirect ELISA test. The titer was 1∶160000 and the IC₅₀ was 0.484 ng/mL. This study laid the basis for further research on the immune test kit for the SPE remnant.

The CDS of cattle myocyte enhancer factor-2 A (MEF2A) was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C1 and transfected into fetal lamb myoblasts, meanwhile transfection empty vector as control. The fluorescence intensity of transcription was detected by the reporter gene after transfection. The results indicated that the fluorescence intensity of cells with recombinant plasmid than that of cells with blank vector after 48 h transfection. By selection with G418, the stably transfected cell lines with blank vector were detected while cells with the screening condition of cells with recombinant plasmid need further optimize.

In order to develop a rapid and simultaneous assay for H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus （AIV）, three pairs of specific primers were designed according to the conserved sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of H7 subtype AIV, the neuramidinase (NA) gene of N9 subtype AIV, and the matix (M) gene of all subtypes AIV. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the specificity and sensitivity of this method were evaluated to develop a triplex PCR assay. It was shown that H7N9 subtype AIV could be amplified into three specific bands by this triplex PCR, the lengths of these bands were 330 (H7 AIV), 207 (N9 AIV) and 632 bp (all AIV), respectively. Samples containing H7 or N9 subtype AIV could be amplified into two specific bands, which were 330 and 632, 207 and 632 bp, respectively. Samples containing other subtypes AIV could be amplified into a 632 bp specific band. No specific band was amplified from other avian pathogenic virus. Sensitivity test results showed that as low as 10³ copies/μL H7N9 subtype AIV could be detected. This triplex PCR could simultaneously diagnose H7N9 subtype AIV, single H7 subtype AIV, single N9 subtype AIV and other subtype AIV in one tube. This assay was a rapid, specific and sensitive method for the detection of H7N9 subtype AIV. It could be applied in rapid diagnosis for clinical samples, and also provided a technical support to prevent and control H7N9 subtype AIV.

In order to detect viable Enterobacter sakazakii in pasteurized milk，a new method was established by combination of propidium monoazide （PMA） and polymerase chain reaction （PCR）.PMA concentration and exposure time were optimized to find optimal conditions for distinguishing between dead and viable E.sakazakii. The results showed that to kill the viable E.sakazakii must be exposed to 100 ℃ for 20 min in water bath. The optimum light exposure time to intercalate the DNA of dead E.sakazakii and to photolyze the free PMA in solution was 15 min. The minimum concentration of PMA to completely inhibit the PCR amplication of dead bacterium was 5 μg/mL. The maximum concentration of PMA did not inhibit the PCR amplification of viable bacterium was 15 μg/mL. After PMA treatment，viable E.sakazakii in a mixture containing different proportions of dead and viable bacterium could be selectively detected by PCR，and the determination limit was 40 CFU/mL. In the pasteurized milk，the determination limit was 100 CFU/mL. This study laid a foundation for use of PMA-PCR to detect the E.sakazakii in the food.

To prepare the monoclonal antibodies against VP7 protein of group A porcine rotavirus (PoRV) serotype G11,VP7 gene of PoRV serotype G11 was cloned into the vector pGEX-6P-1. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli competent cells DH5α and induced by IPTG. Hybridomas were produced by fusing SP2/0 cells with spleen cells from mouse immunized with GST-VP7 recombinant protein. One hybridomas secreting MAb against VP7 protein was identified by indirect ELISA. Western blotting analysis showed that the MAb could recognize the recombinant VP7 protein and authentic VP7 protein of PoRV，and the specific immunoflurescence was detected in PoRV infected MA104 cells by indirect immunoflurescence assay.The result of MTT method showed that the MAb had the neutralizing activity. The subtype of the MAb was IgG2b. The results showed that VP7 protein was successfully expressed in E.coli， one MAb was preparated and identified，and it could be used for further study of prevention，diagnosis and treatment of porcine rotavirus disease.

In order to gain polyclonal antibody against α-casein, the commercial α-casein were linked with carrier protein BSA and OVA, respectively， as immunogen (α-casein-BSA) and coating antigen (α-casein-OVA). The reaction products were identified by nondenaturing PAGE and SDS-PAGE. New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with the immunogen (α-casein- BSA) to produce polyclonal antibody. The results showed that the titer of the antibody was 1∶256000 and had high cross reactivity with κ-casein. It could be used to detect the total amount of α-casein and κ-casein in milk.

Chitooligosaccharides（COS）was usually prepared by acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan.COS was paid more attention for its multiple physiological functions，such as immunomodulatory，anti-bacterial，anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effect.This article mainly reviewed the biological functions of COS，its application in animal nutrition and the research prospect，which may provide a useful reference for the deeper application of COS in animal nutrition.

This experiment was to study the effects of corn germ meal in different levels on use value of finishing pigs.120 health PIC piglets aged 45 days with similar body weight （17±2.1）kg were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 replicates for each group and 6 pigs for each replicates （male and female were the same in each replicate）.Control group was fed basic diet,group one to three were fed diets containing different amounts of corn germ meal （5%，10% and 15%） with the same concentration of the main nutrient items.The results showed that compared with the control group，feed conversion rate in group one was no significant difference （P＞0.05），feed conversion rate in group two had a significantly decreased （P＜0.05），feed conversion rate in group three was significantly increased （P＜0.05)，average daily feed intake in control group was significantly lower than that in other groups （P＜0.05），and there were no significant differences in daily feed intake among experimental groups （P＞0.05）.With the corn germ meal level increasing，the daily feed intake was increased slightly.Group one and group two had a tendency to reduce the serum urea nitrogen content，but group two had a significant difference （P＜0.05），the content of serum urea nitrogen in group three was increased significantly （P＜0.05），there were no significant differences in serum albumin，total protein and glucose levels among all groups （P＞0.05）. Compared with the control group，the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in group one had no significant differences （P＞0.05）.The apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in group two increased significantly （P＜0.05）,and the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in group three decreased significantly （P＜0.05）.There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of crude fat and crude ash compared with the control group （P＞0.05）.Theses results indicate that the best supplementation level of corn germ meal was 10%，the anti-nutritional factors of corn germ meal may be the cellulose.

This study was to explore the effect of dietary selenium on selenium deposition and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in mouse kidney. Four groups （Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ and Ⅳ）of mice were fed eight weeks with 0.045,0.1,0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg Se， respectively. The results showed that the levels of kidney selenium deposition increased with the increasing of dietary selenium, groupⅠ was significantly lower than other groups （P＜0.05）. Kidney selenium deposition among Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ groups showed no significant differences when fed to the 56th day （P＞0.05）. The TrxR2 mRNA expression of groupⅠwas significantly lower than that of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ （P<0.05）, and the two groups also showed significant differences（P＜0.05）. The SOD1 and SOD2 mRNA expression levels of groupⅠwere significantly lower than that of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ （P＜0.05）. SOD2 expression showed significantly different between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ（P＜0.05）, while SOD1 expression showed no significant differences between the two groups. The CAT mRNA expression levels of groupsⅠ and Ⅱ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅲ （P＜0.05）, there were no significant differences between groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ （P>0.05）. These results indicated that selenium could increase the level of kidney selenium deposition. With the feeding time increased, kidney selenium deposition in high-selenium group showed saturated. Se deficient and excessive could reduce the mRNA expression levels of kidney antioxidant genes (TrxR2, SOD1, SOD2 and CAT).

This study was to make fermentation bed by the cotton stalk instead of sawdust and rice husk，the combination of substrate included cotton stalk 65%，sawdust 7%，rice husk 28%,using 4 kinds of media （PDA medium （PDA），sabouraud medium （S），niushi medium （N），carboxymethyl cellulose sodium medium（SK）） and extracted five kinds of strains from different materials （cotton stalk rot，decay wood，decaying vegetation，manure，pig fermentation bed），the subject worked on of three experiments from the combination of substrate，the ratio of strain and the carrying capacity of fermentation bed using microbiology technology. The results showed that the ratio of PDAs∶Sf∶Nf∶Nb∶SKm was 4∶2∶2∶1∶1，adding strains was 10%，each pig’s share of area was 1.2 m²，it was the best to use of the fermentation bed and paid a solid base for the production of fermentation bed with cotton stalk.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of adding Chinese herbal medicine in diets on growth performance，carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs.A total of 60 crossbred (Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)) finishing pigs with an average body weight of (61.87±0.90)kg were randomly divided into 2 groups with 3 replicates in each group and each replicate contained 10 finishing pigs (the ratio of male and female was equal).The control group was fed with the basal diet without antibiotics，the experimental group was fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.1% Chinese herbal medicine.The experimental period lasted for 42 days.The results showed that compared with the control group，ADFI and ADG of experimental group were improved （P＞0.05），F/G of experimental group was decreased （P＞0.05），whereas the diarrhea rate and morbidity of experimental group were highly significantly reduced （P＜0.01）. Experimental group increased the carcass weight，dressing percentage，leanness，long body straight，body length，loin muscle area by 1.28%，1.80%，0.16%，0.50%，0.80% and 1.46%，respectively，and the thickness of backfat and skin in experimental group were decreased by 1.11% and 4.16%，respectively，but there were no significant differences between 2 groups （P＞0.05）.The suet rate in experimental group was significantly decreased than those in control group （P＜0.05），kidney weight ratio and pancreatic weight ratio were increased significantly （P＜0.05），and other indexes were no significant differences between 2 groups （P＞0.05）.Compared with the control group，the water holding capacity in experimental group had an increasing trend (P＞0.05)，tenderness in experimental group was significantly reduced (P＜0.05) and the meat color was also improved.It was indicated that adding 0.1% Chinese herbal medicine in diets could promote growth performance and improve carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs.

The experiment aimed to study the difference on the dietary nutrient digestibility of different genetic basis beef cattle during two nutrient levels.Forty-eight heads of different genetic basis beef cattle （Charolais×Simmental-crossbred cattle,Gelbvieh×Simmental-crossbred cattle,Angus×Simmental-crossbred cattle and Limousin×Simmental-crossbred cattle) were introduced，feeding two different nutritional level of diets，adopting 4×2 two factor design，and carrying on the seven days of digestion experiment using endogeny indicator method.The results showed as follows：①From genetic basis，crude protein digestibility in Gelbvieh×Simmental-crossbred cattle was significantly higher than that in Angus×Simmental-crossbred cattle (P＜0.05)，and extremely significantly higher than that in Limousin×Simmental-crossbred cattle（P<0.01）, crude fat digestibility in Gelbvieh×Simmental-crossbred cattle was extremely significantly higher than that in Charolais×Simmental-crossbred cattle and Angus×Simmental-crossbred cattle (P＜0.01).②From nutritional level，the nutrient digestibility of beef cattle in feeding a high nutrition diet were extremely significantly higher than that in feeding a low nutrition diet (P＜0.01).③From the interaction of genetic basis and nutritional level，nutrient digestibility decreased with the increase of nutritional level of diet in Charolais×Simmental-crossbred cattle,Angus×Simmental-crossbred cattle and Limousin×Simmental-crossbred cattle，while Gelbvieh×Simmental-crossbred cattle were on the contrary.The results indicated that genetic basis had significant influences on crude protein digestibility and crude fat digestibility （P＜0.05），nutritional level of diet had significant influences on the digestibility of dry matter，organic matter，crude protein，crude fiber，crude ash and crude fat （P＜0.05），crude protein digestibility were influenced significantly by genetic basis and nutritional level of diet at the same time （P＜0.05）.

Zinc as a microelement is essential for animal body，the author reviewed recent research progress on application of zinc in animal production at home and abroad，combined with the zinc distribution and existing form in animal body，summarized the biological function of zinc and its application in animal production，respectively. The paper not only provided a basis for better utilization of zinc and its mechanism in animal production，but also put forward the problems and prospect of zinc in animal husbandry.

Soybean meal is a high-quality protein feed of livestock and poultry.However，it contains varieties of anti-nutritional factors which affecting the use of animal protein soybean meal.Using solid fermentation method can not only eliminate the anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal，but also make the soybean meal protein degradation for the benefit of the animal absorption of small peptides and amino acids to improve the nutrition value of soybean meal.In this paper，the different nutrition value of fermented soybean meal and their application in livestock and poultry production were reviewed.

In order to get mast cells in mice abdominal cavity,we used three Percoll gradient separation methods to extract mast cells from mice abdominal cavity,and counted cell viability, cell purity and the total number of cells.The 3 mL Percoll gradient separation liquids in the centrifugal tube from top to bottom were divided into 4 layers to analyze the dynamic distribution of mast cells.The results showed that in the method Ⅰ,the cell viability, cell purity and the total number of cells were (83.51±14.00)%，(69.04±11.75)% and（10.60±5.20）×10⁵ /mL,respectively；in the method Ⅱ,the cell viability, cell purity and the total number of cells were (85.71±9.23)%，(87.10±3.93)% and（11.64±5.73）×10⁵ /mL,respectively；in the method Ⅲ,the cell viability, cell purity and the total number of cells were (72.25±24.81)%，(68.34±10.20)% and（8.87±5.18）×10⁵ /mL,respectively.The cell viability and total number of cells in the three groups were not significantly different(P＞0.05).The cell purity of method Ⅱ was extremely significantly higher than that of methods Ⅰ and Ⅲ (Ρ＜0.01). The dynamic distribution of mast cells in the Percoll gradient separation liquid was that the cell viabilities of 3,4 layers were extremely significantly higher than 1 layer (Ρ＜0.01),significantly higher than 2 layer (Ρ＜0.05); the cell purity of 3 layer was extremely significantly higher than 1,4 layers (Ρ＜0.01), significantly higher than 2 layer (Ρ＜0.05); the number of cells of the 3,4 layers were extremely significantly higher than 1,2 layers (Ρ＜0.01). Therefore, adopting the method Ⅱ, layer 3 of extraction, the middle and lower 0.5 mL, which was close to the interface parts in 30%∶ 80% of the Percoll gradient separation liquid, the separation of mast cells of mice peritoneal cavity was best.

To get a Lactobacillus plantarum strain with good acid resistance, cholate tolerance, and in vitro adhesion rate and study its effects on immune function of mice. After screening Lactobacillus plantarum by acid resistance and cholate tolerance after UV mutagenesis, we got BL-15 strain, which was cultured, freeze-dried, dissolved and administered to BALB/c mice orally (gastric perfusion) by three times. Blood, spleen and excrement were collected to detect changes in immune function index.One Lactobacillus plantarum strain BL-15 was selected from 17 mutant strains, with higher acid resistance, cholate tolerance and in vitro adhesion rate. The experimental data of animal tests indicated that IL-2 level and spleen index of mice at early growth stage had been increased. Furthermore, the mice treated with BL-15 as the immunity enhancer revealed higher level of SIgA in intestinal contents compared with control (P<0.05). The results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum strain BL-15 had been proved to be able to elevate immune response and enhance immune function.

For maintenance of immunity and tolerance, organs and tissues of the organism are connected by migrated and positioned lymphocytes. Lymphocytes extensively distribute in vivo, almost in all tissues, except which blood can’t reach, for example, central nervous system (CNS), cornea, anterior chamber of eye, and so on. Understanding lymphocyte distribution is essential for evaluating the immune state of organism, meanwhile has an important reference value for diseases diagnosis. This paper systematically discusses lymphocyte distribution in various of immune organs and tissues, and it will supply important foundations for preventing and controlling diseases.

In order to compare the concentration of each component of Sukang detoxification oral liquid in rat plasma after administrated by oral and intramuscular, and ascertain pharmacokinetic characteristics of Sukang detoxification oral liquid in trials rats, 28 rats were randomly divided into seven groups, using UV spectrophotometry to measure plasma concentration of each component at different times after administrated by oral and intramuscular, calculated pharmacokinetics parameters of various components of detoxification agent. The results showed that plasma concentration-time process of each component of detoxification agent in rats could be described as two-compartment model tools with absorption. After oral administration the maximum plasma concentrations of each component were sodium 8039.455 μg/mL, yeast mannan 129.932 μg/mL, magnesium 3358.328 μg/mL, rhamnose 2296.330 μg/mL.Tp(h) by oral administration of sodium,sulfate,yeast mannan,L-rhamnose were 1.2816,1.4201,1.1337,0.9469 h;by intramuscular administration they were 1.2856,1.4684,1.1079,1.1671 h. Experimental studies had shown that each component of Sukang detoxification oral liquid was quickly absorbed into the blood after administration, there was little difference between oral and intramuscular administrations,but oral administration had long function and more convenient on administration than intramuscular.

In order to study the change rule of physic-chemical properties and microorganisms of litter during feeding broilers，and provide scientific and effective farming methods and theoretical basis for deep-litter system,5 treatments were carried out and there were traditional litter （CK），70% traditional litter+30% corn straw （70% CK＋30% S），40% traditional litter+60% corn straw （40% CK＋60% S），10% traditional litter+90% corn straw （10% CK＋90% S），20% traditional litter+60% corn straw+20% zeolite （20% CK＋60% S + 20% Z）.The results showed that each treatment had same regulation，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，total potassium，pH and EC were found rising gradually during feeding broilers period.The count of total bacteria was reduced， but the E.coli and Salmonella were not significant changed.The key to promote fermentation of litter was that supply helpful microbial liquid within suitable ranges in deep-litter and increase the number of stirring litter during feeding broilers period.

In this assay, bovine blood as a sample, was studied the effect of four factors that concentrations of Cu²+ and Zn²+, denaturation temperature and thermal time on the activity of Cu/Zn-SOD in bovine blood. Four factors and five levels of orthogonal experiment was designed, and combined with methods of pyrogallol to measure the activity of enzyme, Coomassie brilliant blue method to determine the content of Cu/Zn-SOD protein, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to detect the purity of the protein. We finally found the optimum extraction conditions of Cu/Zn-SOD in bovine blood. The results showed that when the concentrations of Cu²+ and Zn²+ were 6 and 12 mmol/L,respectively,at 90 ℃ thermal denaturation with 35 min, we could get Cu/Zn-SOD which had a higher activity. This study was aimed to provide a convenient and economical method for Cu/Zn-SOD extraction in bovine blood.  

12 Hetian sheeps were randomly and equally divided into 3 groups (the control group， experimental groupⅠ,groupⅡ) to investigate the effect of Oxytropis glabra DC poisoning on serum protein and blood fat, then reveal the toxicity mechanism of Oxytropis glabra DC. These experimental groups of sheeps were fed daily contents of 10 or 20 g/（kg·BW） until typical symptoms were observed. The contents of serum protein and blood fat were determined respectively before challenge test and at intervals of 7 days in this test. Meanwhile, the serum proteins were analysed by electrophoresis. After 42 days test, the results demonstrated that the contents of serum TP, GLO, α-globulin and HDL-C did not significantly change in each group (P>0.05); the contents of β-globulin, TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C in experimental groups were higher than normal control group, the contents of ALB, γ-globulin and TG in experimental groups were lower than normal control group, with significant differences between the experimental groups （P <0.05 or P <0.01）; the content ratio of albumin to globulin(A/G) in test groups were decreased. The results showed that the sheeps’ liver displayed different degrees of damage by poisoning of Oxytropis glabra DC.

The study was aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of forsythiaside liposome in chicks by intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetics of chicks with intravenous administration of forsythiaside liposome and forsythiaside solution 20 mg/kg was studied and the concentrations of forsythiaside in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and plasma were determined by HPLC. The plasma concentration-time curves of forsythiaside liposome and forsythiaside solution were both fit to the two-compartment model and the pharmacokinetic parameters were (1.79±0.050) and （0.11±0.006） h for t_1/2β, (39.95±2.32） and (4.26±0.39) (μg·h)/mL for AUC, (0.56±0.04） and （4.73±0.41） mg/(h·kg) for CLs. Compared with the liposome to the solution, the drug distribution in liver, spleen and lung were obviously elevated. Compared with forsythiaside solution, the forsythiaside liposome could significantly prolong the resident time of forsythiaside in the blood circulating system and could be concentrated at the target tissue rich in the reticuloendothelial system.

As a key part of the complement system in human and animal body, C5a receptor combined with C5a has been considered to mediate numerous biological processes and be involved in the pathology of numerous inflammatory diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute lung injury, sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and glomerular nephritis．Therefore, current studies focus on how to block C5a receptor and dampen the inflammatory reaction. This review provides a brief overview of the current development of C5a receptor antagonists and their treatment in animal disease model.

Meat quality traits are closely related with gene expression has been accepted as the rapid development of molecular biology，some major candidate genes which affect meat quality traits have been excavated.Regulating meat quality by gene expression has become a hot topic in recent years.This paper summarizes the research progress on some major candidate genes of meat quality，such as Leptin, LEPR，Adiponectin, AdipoR，LPL and FoxO1.

The objective of the present study was to improve the low temperature preservation of boar semen and evaluate the effect of three anti-apoptotic drugs (puerarin, metoprolol tartaric and dichloroacetate) on keeping the quality of boar semen. Semen was collected from adult boars of proven fertility with the gloved-hand technique, and only the semen showing a minimum of 70% motile was used. Semen was diluted in extenders containing anti-apoptotic drugs (0,0.02,0.10,0.50 and 2.50 mmol/L puerarin, 0,0.02,0.10,0.50 and 2.50 mmol/L metoprolol tartaric acid, 0,0.04,0.20,1.00 and 5.00 mmol/L dichloroacetate). All sperm suspensions were stored at 5 ℃ and sperm motility was detected once a day. Six parameters (motility of extended soermatozoa,spermatozoal-survival effective time,spermatozoal-survival overall time, spermatozoal-survival index, the 72 h deformity rate and acrosomal integrity) were measured, six replicates were performed. The results showed that under the conditions of this study, a certain concentration of three drugs can extend the life-span of spermatozoa under the low temperature, and the optimal concentration of puerarin, metoprolol tartaric acid and dichloroacetate was 0.50, 0.50 and 1.00 mmol/L, respectively.

MAP solution with different addition proportions were selected to carry out low-temperature preservation of canine erythrocyte for screening suitable adding proportion. Whole blood was collected from a healthy cyan back male canine by foreleg the inside of the subcutaneous cephalic vein, which centrifuged for obtaining erythrocyte. Accordingly the different proportions of erythrocyte to MAP solution (2∶1,2.5∶1 and 3∶1) were used for the preservation of canine erythrocyte at 4 ℃, and each group was preserved for 30 days, the number of erythrocyte and K⁺, Na⁺, Cl^- concentrations were measured at 0, 10,20 and 30 d, respectively. The result showed that the number of erythrocyte reduction, K⁺ concentration augmenter and Na⁺, Cl^-concentration decrements were significantly lower in 2.5∶1 group than 2∶1 and 3∶1 groups （P<0.05）. A better effect was obtained when the proportion of erythrocyte to MAP solution was 2.5∶1, therefore, 2.5∶1 was the suitable proportion for canine erythrocyte low-temperature preservation.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short (19 to 25 nt) non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding with 3′-UTR of the target gene. microRNAs play the important roles in the fundamental biological processes. microRNAs involved in the regulation of growth, development and diseases of animal as the key regulators. Up to now, microRNAs have been the focus of studies on life science. In this study, we overview the latest research progress on microRNAs of regulation of muscle development, also introduce the identification and characterization of animal miRNAs.

In order to screen the single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） sites in the promoter region of mitochondrial transcription factor B2 （TFB2M） gene in goat and analyze the effect of SNP on function elements of promoter, three goat breeds (Qianbei Ma goat, Guizhou Black goat and Guizhou White goat) were selected to construct DNA pools, SNP sites were screened by direct sequencing subsequently. 4 SNPs which included G-601C, C-381A, C-286T and G-283T respectively were found in the 5′ flanking region of TFB2M gene. Furthermore, bioinformatics tools were used to predict the core region of the promoter and CpG island. It demonstrated that various novel transcription factors binding sites emerged while a large amount of transcription factors binding sites existed before disappeared based on the SNPs found in this study, while it didn’t affect the range of CpG island dramaticlly by using various softwares. There were four SNPs existed in the 5′ flanking region of TFB2M gene that had important effects on promoter elements. This work could lay the experimental foundation for the identification of function of TFB2M promoter.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were used as representatives of DNA and RNA viruses, respectively. Healthy semen was spiked with viruses, and then nucleic acids were extracted using following methods, semen pretreatment combined with silicon colunm kit extraction (referred to column kit method),optimized TRIzol reagent procedure and a published method. The efficiency of each method was evaluated by Real-time fluorescent RT-PCR or PCR. The results indicated that the column kit method was more sensitive and useful in viral nucleic acids extraction procedure. The limit in natural semen and commercialized semen were 1.26 and 0.13 TCID₅₀/mL by Real-time fluorescent RT-PCR or PCR detection, respectively. The column kit method including sample pretreatment took less than 1 h, which was 0.5 h shorter than TRIzol procedure. This research established and optimized the method of extracting viral nucleic acid from boar semen.

Motivated by mining major candidate genes across Ovine genome, the present study is to perform genome-wide association studies(GWAS) to detect genes associated with body weight traits. Using Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip, we performed a GWA study in 329 purebred sheep phenotyped for 6 body weight traits(birth weight, weaning weight, 6-month weight, pre-weaning gain, post-weaning gain, daily weight gain). Statistics and data analysis were based on TASSEL program，mixed linear model and the latest Ovis_aries_v3.1 genome sequence (released October 2012). The results indicated that 10 SNPs consistently reached genome-wise significant level for post-weaning gain and 22 SNPs reached chromosome-wise significant level for other body weight traits. The SNPs were within (MEF2B,RFXANK，et al) or close to some ovine genes, which were thought to be the most important candidate genes associated with body weight traits. The results will contribute to identify candidate genes for ovine body weight traits, and facilitate the potential utilization of genes involved production traits in sheep in future.

This study was aimed to investigate the resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from cattle farms in Xinjiang to antibiotics. The resistances of Escherichia coli isolates from cattle farms in five regions to commonly used antibiotic were determined using microdilution broth assay. Escherichia coli isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (up to 39.3%) in all regions, and existed multidrug-resistant, but zero resistance was the dominant. Escherichia coli isolates from E cattle farm in Cherqi town, Baicheng county, exhibited resistant to three kinds of quinolones (6.7%). The results suggested that the resistances of Escherichia coli isolates to commonly used antibiotics were not serious in Xinjiang.

Six strains of Lactobacillus were isolated from traditional indigenous dairy products, piglet’s feces and chicken intestine, designated as LS, LT, LJ1, LJ2, LZ1 and LZ2， respectively. Identifications were done according to bacteria morphology, physiological and biochemical properties,16S rDNA sequence homology analysis, and their characteristics were researched. The results showed that LS, LT, LJ1 and LZ2 strains were Lactobacillus brevis, LJ2 strain was Enterococcus faecium, LZ1 strain was Lactobacillus acidophilus. All of the six strains had obvious bacteriostasis effect on Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

To investigate the antimicrobial resistance and molecular types of S.agona strains isolated from poultry in Shanghai from 2010 to 2011，K-B method recommended by WHO was used to detect 14 strains of S.agona from poultry.Results were analyzed according to the breakpoints of CLSI，PFGE was used for molecular typing.14 strains were sensitive to 5 kinds of antibiotics.High resistant to sulfisoxazole and high moderate sensitivity to streptomycin.14 strains of S.agona were classified to 6 PFGE patterns.Some S.agona strains isolated from 2010 to 2011 were showed highly homology.Meanwhile，the relativity between antimicrobial susceptibility and PFGE patterns was remarkable.

Streptococcus suis (SS) is a major porcine pathogen and also is an important pathogen that can be transmitted to human beings by close contact with sick or carrier pigs. In July 2005, the largest outbreak of human SS infection occurred in Sichuan province, China. After that, more researches on this pathogen had been carried out over the world. Serotype 2 was the most popular one in pathogenic SS. Although the most research was carried out on it, still limited knowledge was known of its virulent factors and causitive agent. The target of this paper is to provide the newest research progress reports of this pathogen and mainly of its virulent factors.

Campylobacter jejuni (C.jejuni) is a major pathogen of human campylobacteriosis, as well as one of the major food-borne pathogen. It can not only cause human diarrhea, but also cause many systemic diseases such as endocarditis, arthritis, septisis. The most serious complication it can cause is the Guillain Barre syndrome. In developed countries, C.jejuni even has a trend to excess Salmonella and be reported as next Salmonella, which has caused a worldwide concern. Analysis of biological characteristics for C.jejuni can help us to distinguish it with other pathogens. Typing methods play important roles in the identification, monitoring and prevention of C.jejuni. It can also help us to understand its virulence and resistance mechanisms to C.jejuni. This paper reviews advances of C.jejuni in biological characteristics, serotyping and genotyping methods so as to help us further understand its new progress in these areas.

The materials from the clinical samples of kidney and inguinal lymph nodes characterized by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) of the pigs,proved to be porcine circovirus type 2 （PCV2） positive samples through the amplification of ORF2 gene of PCV2, were inoculated into the PK-15 cells (PCV1 free) and serially passaged 10 times.Identifications were done by PCR method and immunofluorescent assay of the tenth generation of cell cultures, and the specific band could be amplified and a strong bright green fluorescence in the nucleus of PK-15 cells could be detected.The results demonstrated that the isolated strain named as FF strain belonged to PCV2.

The study was aimed to explore the sensitivity of Eimeria acervulina （E.acervulina） precocious strain to some common anticoccidials (diclazuril, toltrazuril, sulfamonomethoxine, dinitolmide, decoquinate, nicarbazin, maduramicin, salinomycin and oxytetracycline). The sensitivity of E.acervulina precocious strain to 9 kinds anticoccidials was assessed by using 4 indices: anticoccidial activity percentage (POAA), reduction of lesion scores (RLS), relative oocyst production (ROP) and anticoccidial index (ACI). The results of these sensitivity trials indicated that the four indices POAA, RLS, ROP and ACI of groups toltrazuril, sulfamonomethoxine, dinitolmide, decoquinate, nicarbazin, salinomycin and oxytetracycline were all negative; the ROP index of diclazuril group was positive, the other three indices were negative. The ROP and ACI indices of maduramicin group were positive, the other two indices were negative. The results showed that the Eimeria acervulina precocious strain was sensitive to diclazuril, toltrazuril, sulfamonomethoxine, dinitolmide, decoquinate, nicarbazin, salinomycin and oxytetracycline, it was partly sensitive to maduramicin.

In order to understand the effect of Oxytropis glabra on the structure of liver tissue and observe the effect of antidote on the detoxification in mice，30 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups，the control group was fed with basal diet, group 1 was fed with basal diet supplemented with Oxytropis glabra，group 2 was gavaged alkaloid solution extracted from Oxytropis glabra，group 3 was fed with basal diet supplemented with Oxytropis glabra and injected antidote into intraperitoneal simultaneously，group 4 was gavaged alkaloid solution extracted from Oxytropis glabra and injected antidote into intraperitoneal simultaneously. The mice were fed in single cage，and the trial lasted for 21 days.The results showed that the different degree of hyperemia and hemorrhage were appeared in liver and kidney tissue of groups 1 and 2.Most of the liver cells in hepatic lobule were swelled and vacuoles degenerated.The organ coefficient analysis showed that there were significant differences （P＜0.05） or extremely significant differences （P＜0.01） between the detoxification groups and the poisoned groups.In couclusion，the antidote had a certain protective effect for liver tissue damage caused by Oxytropis glabra and its alkaloids.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is a serious disease, causing significantly economical impacts on the swine industry worldwide. Because of the mechanism of virus infection, the characteristics of antibody-dependent enhancement and a high degree of variability, the commercial vaccines currently exist defects that can’t completely prevent the respiratory system and placental transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV）. Therefore, according to the pathogenic characteristics, PRRSV immune characteristics and biological characteristics, the new vaccines are designed which have important significances to the prevention of the disease.

To observe the antiviral action of 16 kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs (Houttuynia cordata Thunb,Flos Chrysanthemi,Flos Lonicerae Confusae,Anemarrhena asphodeloides,CassiaTwig,Herba Ephedrae,Radix Paeoniae Rubra,Bupleurum chinense,Dryopteris setosa,Folium Isatidis, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis,Mntha haplocalyx Briq,Paeonia suffruticosa Andr,Cornu Bubali, Herba Senecionis Scandentis,Radix Gentianae) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV）, the blocking, inhibiting and killing roles were detected in present study in vitro. The results showed that 13 kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs had antiviral actions against PPRSV except Paeonia suffruticosa Andr, Herba Senecionis Scandentis and Folium Isatidis, and Houttuynia cordata Thunb, Flos Chrysanthemi, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, CassiaTwig and Radix Paeoniae Rubra exhibited the best antiviral actions followed by Herba Ephedrae, Bupleurum chinense and Dryopteris setosa.

With mass immunization application of pseudorabies virus （PRV） gE gene deleted attenuated vaccine in China, it played an important role in prevention and control of porcine pseudorabies, meanwhile it also needed to establish a differential diagnosis technology for gE gene deleted vaccine matching to eliminate virus affected swine and reduce immune pigs to be killed, and gradually realized the purification of PRV. With the gradual progress of molecular biology and immunology, molecular biological and serological diagnosis methods based on PRV gE protein continuously developed and improved. In this paper, recent study on various molecular and serological diagnosis methods of gE protein based on the current situation and development prospect were reviewed, in order to provide reasonable scientific basis for diagnosis and prevention of PRV in China.

Dairy herd improvement （DHI） could provide accurate and reliable information for pasture，which could be helpful for the management of herds.This paper analyzed the indicators of DHI，and based on DHI data from February 2012 to December 2012 of a dairy farm in South China， this paper performed trend analysis for milk fat rate，milk protein rate，milk lactose rate，the number of somatic cell and daily milk yield and make correlation analysis of factors of daily milk yield by gray relational model.The results showed that the milk production from February to October was declined，which showed that the rearing environment of herds was poor.The milk lactose rate，milk protein rate and milk fat rate were increased，which showed that the diet structure was reasonable and the dietary dry matter was adequate.The somatic cell count was less than 500000/mL，which showed that the incidence of mastitis was lower and the herds were in good health. The number of somatic cell was also the most influential factor of the daily milk yield，and there was a very strong negative correlation among them.Therefore，strengthening the management of cattle rearing environment，improving the level of breeding cattle breeding，adjusting the dietary nutrition structure and doing mastitis detection and prevention were very important for dairy managers.

Ammonia (NH₃) is a noxious gas and may reduce animal production performance, cause respiratory ailment and great harm to both swine and humans health. In the present paper, ammonia emissions and measurement techniques from swine animal feeding operations were reviewed, which might be as reference for air quality in swine facilities.