抗菌肽抑菌作用机制及在畜禽中的应用

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.02.042

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 抗菌肽(antimicrobibal peptides,AMPs)是一类由宿主基因编码且具有广谱杀菌作用的小分子多肽，是几乎所有生物体非特异性免疫的重要组成成分。抗菌肽种类多样，按照生物活性可分为抗细菌、抗真菌、抗病毒、抗寄生虫、抗肿瘤等不同类型。抗菌肽一般具有正电荷和两亲性，可与疏水表面和膜结构发生相互作用,破环膜的完整性及抑制细胞内核酸、蛋白质等物质的活性，在细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞内及病毒的相关靶点发挥抑菌作用。在以细胞膜为靶点的抗菌肽中，相关研究提出了桶板、环孔、地毯、凝聚等不同细胞膜损伤模型，即抗菌肽通过不同的杀菌机制表现出了抗细菌、抗真菌和抗病毒等广谱的生物活性。抗菌肽因其独特的杀菌机制有着广阔的应用前景，在畜禽养殖过程中，作为绿色饲料添加剂能增加畜禽体重、提高肠道有益菌数量、提高免疫球蛋白含量、降低炎症因子浓度，在畜禽的生产性能、肠道菌群、免疫力及疾病防治等方面发挥重要作用，是畜禽行业未来发展中替抗产品的良好选择。然而抗菌肽还存在用法用量尚未明确、使用成本较高、联合使用效果不明确等限制因素，笔者对抗菌肽的抑菌作用机制及在畜禽中的应用进行总结，并对其未来发展进行展望，以期为抗菌肽的研究及应用提供参考。

关键词: 抗菌肽; 作用机制; 生产性能; 肠道菌群; 免疫; 疾病防治

Abstract: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of small peptides encoded by host genes with broad-spectrum bactericidal effects,and are important components of non-specific immunity in almost all organisms.There are many kinds of AMPs,which can be divided into antibacterial,antifungal,antiviral,antiparasitic,antitumor and other types according to their biological activities.AMPs are generally positively charged and amphiphilic,interacting with hydrophobic surfaces and membrane structures,breaking the integrity of the membrane and inhibiting the activity of intracellular nucleic acids and proteins,and exerting bacteriostatic effects on cell walls,cell membranes,intracellular and virus-related targets.Among the AMPs targeting cell membranes,relevant studies have proposed different cell membrane damage models such as barrel plate,ring hole,carpet,cohesion,etc.AMPs exhibit broad-spectrum bioactivities such as anti-bacterial,anti-fungal and anti-viral through different bactericidal mechanisms.AMPs have a broad application prospect due to their unique bactericidal mechanism.In the process of livestock and poultry breeding,AMPs as a kind of green feed additives, AMPs can increase the body weight of livestock and poultry,improve the number of intestinal beneficial bacteria,increase the content of immunoglobulin,and reduce the concentration of inflammatory factors,which play an important role in the production performance,intestinal flora,immunity and disease prevention of livestock and poultry,and is a good choice for the replacement of anti-products for the future development of the livestock and poultry industry.However,AMPs still have constraints such as the usage dosage has not been clarified,the cost of use is high,and the effect of combined use is not clear,etc.The authors summarized the mechanism of the bacteriostatic effect of AMPs and their application in livestock and poultry,and looked forward to the future development of them,with a view to providing a reference for the research and application of AMPs.

Key words: antimicrobial peptides; mechanism of action; production performance; intestinal flora; immunization; disease prevention and treatment

中图分类号:

S859.79⁺7

郭佳佳, 聂晶, 曲久, 旦增占都, 李小伟, 江明锋, 刘益丽. 抗菌肽抑菌作用机制及在畜禽中的应用[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(2): 934-945.

GUO Jiajia, NIE Jing, QU Jiu, Danzengzhandu, LI Xiaowei, JIANG Mingfeng, LIU Yili. Mechanism of Antibacterial Action of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Application in Livestock and Poultry[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(2): 934-945.

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