填饲时间对北京鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、营养品质和肠道形态的影响

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.06.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】为探究北京鸭最佳的填饲时间，试验研究了不同填饲时间对北京鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、营养品质和肠道形态的影响。【方法】选用体重相近的1日龄北京鸭150只，采用单因素随机试验设计，随机分为5组，每组6个重复，每个重复5只，分别在育肥期(36～42日龄)的第7、5、3、1天每天填饲4次，分别填饲1(OF1组)、3(OF3组)、5(OF5组)和7 d(OF7组)，OF0组为免填对照组，试验期为42 d。试验结束后称重，计算北京鸭生产性能，每个重复组选取2只北京鸭屠宰并测定屠宰性能；采集皮脂和胸肌组织，分别检测脂肪酸和氨基酸含量；采集十二指肠、空肠和回肠组织做组织病理切片。【结果】①与OF0组相比，OF3、OF5、OF7组北京鸭终末体重和平均日增重均显著升高(P＜0.05)，OF7组料重比显著升高(P<0.05)。②与OF0组相比，4个填饲组北京鸭屠宰率、全净膛率、腿肌重(率)及胸肌重(率)均无显著差异(P＞0.05)，但OF3、OF5、OF7组北京鸭的活体重、屠体重及皮脂重(率)均显著升高(P＜0.05)。③与OF0组相比，OF1组北京鸭皮脂中总脂肪酸(TFA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFA)含量均显著降低(P＜0.05)；OF3、OF5组北京鸭皮脂中TFA、MUFA含量显著升高(P＜0.05)，OF5、OF7组北京鸭皮脂中SFA含量显著升高(P＜0.05)，OF3组北京鸭皮脂中PUFA、n-3 PUFA及n-6 PUFA含量显著升高(P＜0.05)，n-6/n-3差异不显著(P＞0.05)；北京鸭胸肌中总氨基酸(TAA)含量差异不显著(P＞0.05)，但OF7组北京鸭胸肌中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量明显降低(P＜0.05)。④与OF0组相比，填饲均可导致北京鸭小肠绒毛结构出现不同程度的脱落、炎性细胞浸润甚至坏死。【结论】填饲能显著提高北京鸭的生长性能、屠宰性能以及皮脂营养成分，但会损伤肠道形态结构。综合考虑推荐最佳填饲时间为3 d。

关键词: 填饲; 北京鸭; 生长性能; 屠宰性能; 肠道形态

Abstract: 【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the optimal overfeeding time for Pekin ducks and investigate the effects of different overfeeding times on the growth performance,slaughter performance,nutritional quality and intestinal morphology.【Method】 150 1-day-old Pekin ducks with similar body weights were randomly divided into five groups using a single factor randomized experimental design.Each group consisted of 6 replicates,with 5 Pekin ducks in each replicate.The latter 7,5,3 and 1 d of the fattening period (36-42 days old) were overfed four times per one day,being force-fed for 1 (OF1 group),3 (OF3 group),5 (OF5 group)and 7 days(OF7 group),respectively and the OF0 group was the control group without overfeeding.The experimental period was 42 days.After the experiment,the Pekin ducks were weighed and their production performance was calculated.Two Pekin ducks were selected from each replicate group for slaughter and their slaughter performance was measured.The sebum and pectoral muscle tissues of Pekin ducks were collected for the detection of fatty acid and amino acid content,respectively.Duodenal,jejunal,and ileal tissues of Pekin ducks were collected for histopathological sectioning.【Result】 ①Compared with OF0 group,the final weight and average daily gain of Pekin ducks in OF3,OF5 and OF7 groups were significantly higher (P＜0.05),and the feed-to-weight ratio in OF7 group was significantly higher (P<0.05).②Compared with OF0 group,the slaughter rate,percentage of eviscerated yield,leg muscle weight (rate) and breast muscle weight (rate) of Pekin ducks in the four overfeeding groups were all not significant (P＞0.05),but the live weight,dressing weight and sebum weight (rate) of Pekin ducks in OF3,OF5,and OF7 groups were all significantly higher (P＜0.05).③ Compared with OF0 group,the contents of total fatty acids (TFA),saturated fatty acids (SFA),monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA),polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA),n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA),and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) in the skin fat of Pekin ducks in OF1 group were significantly reduced (P＜0.05),while the contents of TFA and MUFA in the skin fat of Pekin ducks in OF3 and OF5 groups were significantly increased (P＜0.05),and the content of SFA in the skin fat of Pekin ducks in OF5 and OF7 groups was significantly increased (P＜0.05),the contents of PUFA,n-3 PUFA,and n-6 PUFA in the skin fat of Pekin ducks in OF3 group were significantly increased (P＜0.05),and the n-6/n-3 ratio showed no significant difference (P>0.05).There was no significant difference in the content of total amino acids (TAA) in the pectoral muscle tissue of Pekin ducks (P＞0.05),but the content of essential amino acids (EAA) in the pectoral muscle tissue of Pekin ducks in OF7 group was significantly reduced (P＜0.05).④ Compared with OF0 group,overfeeding could lead to different degrees of shedding,inflammatory cell infiltration and even necrosis of the villous structure in small intestine of Pekin duck.【Conclusion】 Overfeeding could significantly improve growth performance,slaughter performance and sebum nutrient content of Pekin ducks,but it would damage the intestinal morphology and structure.Thus the optimal overfeeding time was recommended to be 3 days for comprehensive consideration.

Key words: overfeeding; Pekin ducks; growth performance; slaughtering performance; intestinal morphology

中图分类号:

S815.2

吕学泽, 任海媛, 王梁, 谢实勇, 杨卫芳, 刘钧, 武书庚, 吴迪梅, 刘砚涵. 填饲时间对北京鸭生长性能、屠宰性能、营养品质和肠道形态的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(6): 2582-2591.

LYU Xueze, REN Haiyuan, WANG Liang, XIE Shiyong, YANG Weifang, LIU Jun, WU Shugeng, WU Dimei, LIU Yanhan. Effects of Overfeeding Time on Growth Performance,Slaughter Performance, Nutritional Quality and Intestinal Morphology of Pekin Ducks[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(6): 2582-2591.

参考文献

[1] 李姝楠，刘大鹏，李智楠，等.北京鸭和连城白鸭腿肌肉品质及感官评价差异研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2024，51(9):3939-3947.LI S N,LIU D P,LI Z N,et al.Differences in leg muscle quality and sensory evaluation between Peking duck and Liancheng White duck[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2024,51(9):3939-3947.(in Chinese)
[2] 付建全.不同饲养方式对北京鸭生长性能、抗氧化、肉品质及成本的影响[J].中国饲料，2021，20:9-12.FU J Q.Effects of different feeding methods on growth performance,anti-oxidation,meat quality and cost of Peking ducks[J].China Feed，2021，20:9-12.(in Chinese)
[3] 谢实勇，王莹，吴迪梅，等.起始填饲量对北京鸭屠宰性能的影响[J].中国畜牧业,2024,4:47-48.XIE S Y,WANG Y,WU D M，et al.The effect of initial feeding amount on slaughter performance of Beijing ducks[J].China Animal Industry, 2024,4:47-48.(in Chinese)
[4] 闻治国，杨培龙，陈余，等.复合酶制剂对北京填鸭胴体性状、体脂沉积和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J].动物营养学报，2017，29(7):2366-2373.WEN Z G,YANG P L,CHEN Y,et al.Effects of compound enzyme preparation on carcass traits,body fat deposition and apparent digestibility of nutrients in Peking ducks[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(7):2366-2373.(in Chinese)
[5] 闻治国，朱勇文，唐静，等.不同填饲量对北京鸭胴体品质、体脂沉积和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报，2012，43(8):1247-1254.WEN Z G,ZHU Y W,TANG J,et al.Effects of force-feeding levels on carcass quality,body fat deposition and apparent digestibility of nutrients for Pekin ducks[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2012,43(8):1247-1254.(in Chinese)
[6] CHARTRIN P,BERNADET M,GUY G,et al.Does overfeeding enhance genotype effects on liver ability for lipogenesis and lipid secretion in ducks?[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology,2006,145(3):390-396.
[7] JAMROZ D,JAKOBSEN K,ORDA J,et al.Development of the gastrointestinal tract and digestibility of dietary fibre and amino acids in young chickens,ducks and geese fed diets with high amounts of barley[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular & Integrative Physiology,2001,130(4):643-652.
[8] 刘砚涵,黄丽卿,张建伟,等.丁酸梭菌对填饲北京鸭生长性能、免疫功能及血液抗氧化能力的影响[J].中国家禽,2019,41(10):31-35.LIU Y H,HUANG L Q,ZHANG J W,et al.Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance,immune function and serum antioxidative capacity of force-feeding Pekin ducks[J].China Poultry,2019,41(10):31-35.(in Chinese)
[9] 韩燕云,陈瑶,何金武,等.不同饲喂方式对北京填鸭生产性能及胴体品质影响[J].水禽世界,2014,1:28-29.HAN Y Y,CHEN Y,HE J W,et al.The impact of different feeding methods on the production performance and carcass quality of Beijing ducks[J].Waterbird World,2014,1:28-29.(in Chinese)
[10] 中华人民共和国农业部.肉鸭饲养标准:NY/T 2122—2012[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2012.CHINA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS.Meat duck feeding standard:NY/T 2122—2012[S].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[11] 北京市市场监督管理局.北京鸭第1部分：商品鸭养殖技术规范:DB11/T 012.1—2023[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2023.BEIJING MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION FOR MARKET REGULATION.Peking Duck Part 1:Technical specification for farming commercial duck:DB11/T 012.1—2023[S].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2023.(in Chinese)
[12] 中华人民共和国农业农村部.家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法：NY/T 823—2020[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2020.CHINA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS.Performance ferms and measurement for poultry:NY/T 823—2020[S].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2020.(in Chinese)
[13] 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会，国家食品药品监督管理总局.食品安全国家标准食品中脂肪酸的测定:GB 5009.168—2016[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2016.NATIONAL HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA，CHINA FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION.National standard for food safety determination of fatty acids in foods:GB 5009.168—2016[S].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[14] 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会，国家食品药品监督管理总局.食品安全国家标准食品中氨基酸的测定:GB 5009.124—2016[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2016.NATIONAL HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA，CHINA FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION.National standard for food safety determination of amino acids in foods:GB 5009.124—2016[S].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[15] 罗招运.日粮中添加不同糖填饲对天府肉鹅肉品质的影响[D].雅安：四川农业大学,2022.LUO Z Y.Effects of overfeeding dietary supplemental with different sugars on meat quality in Tianfu meat goose[D].Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University,2022.(in Chinese)
[16] NIR I,SHAPIRA N,NITSAN Z,et al.Force-feeding effects on growth,carcass and blood composition in the young chick[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1974,32(2):229-239.
[17] HERAULT,HOUEE-BIGOT M,BAEZA E,et al.RNA-Seq analysis of hepatic gene expression of common Pekin,Muscovy,mule and hinny ducks fed ad libitum or overfed[J].BMC Genomics，2019，20(1):13-25.
[18] TAVERNIER A,DAVAIL S,RICAUD K,et al.Genes involved in the establishment of hepatic steatosis in Muscovy,Pekin and mule ducks[J].Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,2017,424(1-2):147-161.
[19] 韩雪，李美娟，代国滔，等.饲粮表观代谢能水平对1～28日龄三穗鸭生长性能、屠宰性能及血浆生化指标的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2024,51(3):1069-1076.HAN X,LI M J,DAI G T,et al.Effects of dietary AME level on growth performance,slaughter performance and plasma biochemical indices of Sansui ducks aged 1 to 28 days[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2024,51(3):1069-1076.(in Chinese)
[20] 闻治国，谢明，黄苇，等.不同填饲量对骡鸭生产性能、胴体品质和体脂沉积的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(3):419-426.WEN Z G,XIE M,HUANG W,et al.Effects of different force-feeding amounts on growth performance,carcass quality and body fat deposition for mule ducks[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2013,44(3):419-426.(in Chinese)
[21] 王健，朱振鹏，董飚，等.填饲对黑羽番鸭产肝性能、组织营养成分、肝脏组织学及脂调控基因表达水平的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2014,37(6):149-154.WANG J,ZHU Z P,DONG B,et al.Measurement of liver performance,nutrient composition,histology and adipogenic genes transcriptional expression of Black Muscovy ducks in response to overfeeding[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2014,37(6):149-154.(in Chinese)
[22] 闻治国.填饲对北京鸭脂肪沉积和营养物质表观消化率的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2012.WEN Z G.The effect of overfeeding on fat deposition and apparent digestibility of nutrients for White Pekin ducks[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2012.(in Chinese)
[23] 庄蕾，赵子涛，吴永保，等.填饲对北京鸭生长发育、胸肌生化指标和肉品质的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2023,50(8):3093-3101.ZHUANG L,ZHAO Z T,WU Y B,et al.Effects of overfeeding on growth and development,biochemical indexes,and meat quality of breast muscle in Pekin ducks[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2023,50(8):3093-3101.(in Chinese)
[24] 齐东东.番鸭与北京鸭肉品质比较及肉质相关基因表达分析[D].合肥：安徽农业大学,2022.QI D D.Comparison of meat quality and analysis of the expression of its related genes between Muscovy duck and Peking duck[D].Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2022.(in Chinese)
[25] RANEA-ROBLES P,LUND J，CLEMMENSEN C.The physiology of experimental overfeeding in animals[J].Molecular Metabolism,2022,64:101573.
[26] NITSAN Z,DROR Y,NIR I,et al.The effects of force-feeding on enzymes of the liver,kidney,pancreas and digestive tract of chicks[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1974,32(2):241-247.
[27] 朱心怡.填饲对北京鸭十二指肠和空肠黏膜的屏障功能及氧化应激的影响[D].北京：中国农业大学,2017.ZHU X Y.The effects of force-feeding on duodenal and jejunal mucous barrier function and oxidative stress in Pekin ducks[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[28] VASAI F,BRUGIRARD R K,BERNADET M D,et al.Overfeeding and genetics affect the composition of intestinal microbiota in Anas platyrhynchos (Pekin) and Cairina moschata (Muscovy) ducks[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology，2014，87(1):204-216.
[29] LIU Y H,ZHU X Y,HUANG L Q,et al.Effects of force-feeding on immunology,digestive function and oxidative stress in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa of Pekin ducks[J].Animal,2019,13(10):2199-2206.
[30] NIR I,NITSAN Z,DROR Y,et al.Influence of overfeeding on growth,obesity and intestinal tract in young chicks of light and heavy breeds[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1978,39(1):27-35.