养殖规模对不同胎次母猪生产力的影响

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2020.05.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了比较不同规模猪场不同胎次母猪繁殖力的高低，本研究采集了106家不同规模猪场母猪的详细生产数据。按母猪实际存栏头数将猪场划分为<1 000、1 000~5 000、5 000~10 000和≥10 000头4个规模，分析不同规模猪场母猪1~9胎次活仔率、健仔率、畸形仔率、死胎率、木乃伊率、断奶活仔率及窝均产总仔数、窝均产活仔数、窝均产健仔数、窝均产死胎数、窝均断奶活仔数、窝均出生个体重、窝均出生窝重等相关繁殖指标的差异。结果表明，在胎次相同的情况下，猪场活仔率、健仔率和断奶活仔率随着饲养规模的扩大呈逐渐升高的趋势，而畸形仔率、死胎率和木乃伊率则呈相反趋势。母猪实际存栏头数≥10 000头的猪场1~7胎次（第4胎除外）的活仔率、健仔率和断奶活仔率均显著高于<1 000头猪场（P<0.05），而与其他两个规模猪场差异不显著（P>0.05）。母猪存栏数<1 000头的猪场1、2、3、5、7胎次的死胎率显著高于其他3个规模猪场（P<0.05）。各个胎次的窝均产总仔数、产活仔数、产健仔数、畸形仔数、死胎数、木乃伊数、出生窝重都随着猪场饲养规模的扩大呈逐渐降低的趋势。<1 000头的猪场第2、3胎的母猪窝均产总仔数、产活仔数、产死胎数、窝均断奶活仔数、窝均出生窝重均显著高于其他3个规模猪场（P<0.05）。综上，养殖规模对不同胎次母猪生产力均产生较大影响，中大规模猪场（≥1 000头）的母猪繁殖力整体上低于小规模猪场（<1 000头），但仔猪的体况和成活率要优于小规模猪场。

关键词: 胎次; 养殖规模; 母猪; 繁殖力

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare reproductive performance of sows under different parity in different-scale pig farms.The detailed production data for sows from 106 pig farms with different scale were collected.According to the actual number of sow stocks,the farms were divided into four scales:<1 000,1 000-5 000,5 000-10 000 and ≥10 000 heads.The differences of reproductive indexes related to 1-9 births in different scale sow farms were investigated,such as live birth rate,healthy piglet rate,deformed piglet rate,stillbirth rate,mummification rate,weaned piglet rate,the average litter number of total,live,healthy,dead and weaned of piglets,average birth weight and average litter weight.The results showed that the rates of live,healthy and weaned piglets under the same parity increased gradually with the increase of the feeding scale,while the rates of deformed piglet,stillbirth piglet and mummy showed opposite trends.From the 1st litter to the 7th litter except for the 4th,the rates of live,healthy and weaned piglets in the farms with ≥10 000 heads scale were significantly higher than those in the farms with <1 000 heads scale (P<0.05),but were not significantly different from other two scales (P>0.05).The stillbirth rate of the 1st,2nd,3rd,5th and 7th litters in the sow farms with <10 000 heads scale was significantly higher than that of other three scale farms (P<0.05).The number of total,livehealthy,deformed,stillbirth and mummy piglets and average litter weight at birth decreased gradually with the expansion of the breeding scale of the farms.The average number of total,live,healthy,stillbirth and weaned,and average litter weight of the 2nd and 3rd litters in the sow farms with <1 000 heads scale were significantly higher than those in the other three scale farms (P<0.05).In conclusion,the breeding scale had a greater impact on the productivity of sows under different parity.The sow fertility in the medium- and large-scale sow farms (≥1 000 heads) was lower than that in small-scale sow farms(<1 000 heads),but the body condition and survival rate of piglets in these farms were better than those in small-scale sow farms.

Key words: parity; breeding scale; sows; reproductive performance

中图分类号:

S828

李小茹, 李锋, 杨宇晴, 梁童, 单安山, 吴德. 养殖规模对不同胎次母猪生产力的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2020, 47(5): 1384-1394.

LI Xiaoru, LI Feng, YANG Yuqing, LIANG Tong, SHAN Anshan, WU De. Effect of Breeding Scale on the Productivity of Sows with Different Parity[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2020, 47(5): 1384-1394.

参考文献

[1] 孟凡伟,傅金銮,叶健,等.输精时间、配种后转群时间和哺乳期长短对母猪年生产力的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2016,52(2):81-83. MENG F W,FU J L,YE J,et al.Impact of time of semen injection,moving the pregnant sows during gestation period and lactation on the sow productivity per year[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2016,52(2):81-83.(in Chinese)
[2] 王凤来.2006年国外母猪营养与饲料研究回顾[J].猪业科学,2007,1:18-20. WANG F L.Review of studies on nutrition and feed of sows abroad in 2006[J].Swine Industry Science,2007,1:18-20.(in Chinese)
[3] 杨公社.猪生产学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003. YANG G S.Pig Production Science[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2003.(in Chinese)
[4] 刘自逵,罗柏荣.中国7省部分规模猪场母猪繁殖状况调查[J].养猪,2010,5:65-68. LIU Z K,LUO B R.A Survey of sows' reproductive status insome pig farms of 7 provinces in China[J].Swine Production,2010,5:65-68.(in Chinese)
[5] 王昕陟,王松岩,张冬梅,等.胎次对杂交母猪繁殖性能的影响研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2008,44(13):48-51. WANG X Z,WANG S Y,ZHANG D M,et al.Effect of parity on reproductive performance of hybrid sows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2008,44(13):48-51.(in Chinese)
[6] 叶润全,吕敏芝,李慕婵,等.不同胎次母猪繁殖性能及相关回归分析[J].畜牧与兽医,2006,38(5):20-22. YE R Q,LYU M Z,LI M C,et al.Reproductive performance and related regression analysis of different parity sows[J].Animal husbandry and veterinary Medicine,2006,38(5):20-22.(in Chinese)
[7] 张力,邵良平,刘昊.集约化猪场长大母猪繁殖性状的相关分析[J].家畜生态学报,2006,27(4):66-69. ZHANG L,SHAO L P,LIU H.Correlation analysis of reproductive traits of L-D sows in intensive pig farms[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology,2006,27(4):66-69.(in Chinese)
[8] 贾娟娟,滚双宝,林长光,等.胎次、配种及分娩月份对母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2015,50(1):1-4. JIA J J,GUN S B,LIN C G,et al.Effects of parity,breeding and delivery months on reproductive performance of sows[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2015,50(1):1-4.(in Chinese)
[9] 吴正常,王瑾,郑先瑞,等.长白猪不同胎次繁殖性能的比较研究[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(26):12906-12908. WU Z C,WANG J,ZHENG X R,et al.Comparative analysis of reproductive performance of landrace pigs of different litters[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(26):12906-12908.(in Chinese)
[10] 朱世平,夏日炜,孙丽,等.胎次、产仔月份及纯繁/杂交对母猪产仔性能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2015,42(2):420-425. ZHU S P,XIA R H,SUN L,et al.Effect of parity,birth month and pure/cross-breeding on farrowing performance in sows[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2015,42(2):420-425.(in Chinese)
[11] 刘志伟,苏钦,王巧娜,等.配种季节与胎次对法系纯种大白母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].猪业科学,2019,36(5):46-48. LIU Z W,SU Q,WANG Q N,et al.Effect of mating season and parity on reproductive performance of purebred sows[J].Swine Industry Science,2019,36(5):46-48.(in Chinese)
[12] 彭兴,赵云翔,江科,等.胎次与配种季节对丹系大白母猪繁殖性能的影响研究[J].猪业科学,2018,35(6):109-111. PENG X,ZHAO Y X,JIANG K,et al.Study on the effect of parity and breeding season on the reproductive performance of Dansi sows[J].Swine Science,2018,35(6):109-111.(in Chinese)
[13] TANTASUPARUK W,LUNDEHEIM N,DALIN A M,et al.Reproductiveperformance of purebred Landrace and Yorkshire sows in Thailand with special reference to seasonal influence and parity number[J].Theriogenology,2000,54(3):481-496.
[14] 马官军,刘向东.猪场生产管理系统的应用和研究进展[J].猪业科学,2019,36(5):122-124. MA G J,LIU X D.Application and research progress of pig farm production management system[J].Swine Industry Science,2019,36(5):122-124.(in Chinese)
[15] 王伟.冬夏季节猪场管理[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2019,9:114. WANG W.Pig farm management in winter and summer[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2019,9:114.(in Chinese)
[16] 林鹏超.猪场冬春季节的管理技术措施[J].当代畜禽养殖业,2017,4:19. LIN P C.Technical measures for management of pig farms in winter and spring[J].Modern Animal Husbandry,2017,4:19.(in Chinese)
[17] 王子坚,郭慧琳,魏润生,等.猪场寒冷季节的管理与防寒保温技术[J].国外畜牧学(猪与禽),2014,34(4):44-45. WANG Z J,GUO H L,WEI R S,et al.Management and cold insulation technology of pig farm in cold season[J].Animal Science Abroad(Pigs and Poultry),2014,34(4):44-45.(in Chinese)
[18] 姜中国,王成达.秋冬季节中小型猪场猪舍通风换气小技巧浅析[J].吉林畜牧兽医,2018,39(11):24. JIANG Z G,WANG C D.Analysis of ventilation skills in small and medium-sized pig farms in autumn and winter[J].Jilin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2018,39(11):24.(in Chinese)
[19] 寇永标.浅谈提高母猪繁殖力的关键环节技术[J].江西饲料,2019,4:35-36. KOU Y B.Discussion on the key technology of improving the reproductive power of sows[J].Jiangxi Feed,2019,4:35-36.(in Chinese)
[20] 龙福庆,田秀华.我国生猪标准化养殖模式探析[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2018,5:112-113. LONG F Q,TIAN X H.Analysis on the standardized breeding mode of pigs in China[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2018,5:112-113.(in Chinese)
[21] WHITE H M,RICHERT B T,SCHINCKEL A P,et al.Effects of temperature stress on growth performance and bacon quality in grow-finish pigs housed at two densities[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(8):1789-1798.
[22] BRUMM M C,ELLIS M,JOHNSTON L J,et al.Interaction of swine nursery and grow-finish space allocations on performance[J].Journal of Animal Science,2001,79(8):1967-1972.
[23] 杨润泉.不同环境条件和蛋白水平对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2016. YANG R Q.Effects of different environmental conditions and protein levels on reproductive performance of pregnant sows[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese)
[24] 白兆鹏,朱海生,高云峰.畜禽舍内氨气减排措施的研究进展[J].饲料博览,2011,9:38-40. BAI Z P,ZHU H S,GAO Y F.Research progress of reducing ammonia of animal housing facilities[J].Feed Review,2011,9:38-40.(in Chinese)
[25] 付娟林.猪的饲养密度与猪病防控[J].养猪,2011,1:47-48. FU J L.Feeding density of pigs and prevention and control of swine diseases[J].Swine Production,2011,1:47-48.(in Chinese)
[26] WOLTER B F,ELLIAS M,CURTIS S E,et al.Effect of group size on pig performance in a wean-to-finish production system[J].Journal of Animal Science,2001,79(5):1067-1073.
[27] HUGHES P E.Effects of parity,season and boar contact on the reproductive performance of weaned sows[J].Livestock Production Science,1998,54(2):151-157.
[28] 李杰,胡向东,王玉斌.生猪养殖户养殖效率分析——基于4省277户养殖户的调研[J].农业技术经济,2019,8:29-39. LI J,HU X D,WANG Y B.Analysis of pig breeding efficiency and its influence factors——A survey of 277 farmers in four provinces in China[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2019,8:29-39.(in Chinese)
[29] 迂斌,余奎,张运强.集团规模化猪场提高窝产仔数、健仔数的技术要点[J].今日养猪业,2019,109(1):67-68. YU B,YU K,ZHANG Y Q.Technical points for raising the number of total litters and the number of healthy litters in large-scale pig farms of the group[J].Pigs Today,2019,109(1):67-68.(in Chinese)
[30] 孙泉云,朱九超,夏炉明.高温天气对规模猪场生产母猪产仔性能的影响调查[J].养猪,2019,4:47-48. SUN Q Y,ZHU J C,XIA L M.Investigation on the effect of high temperature weather on the litter performance of sows in large-scale pig farms[J].Swine Production,2019,4:47-48.(in Chinese)
[31] 李岑曦,周建雄,张贤华,等.不同胎次、配种分娩季节、仔猪断奶日龄和产活仔数对长大母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].养猪,2019,2:45-48. LI C X,ZHOU J X,ZHANG X H,et al.Effects of different parity,breedingseason,weaning age and live litter number on reproductive performance of L-D sows[J].Swine Production,2019,2:45-48.(in Chinese)
[32] 潘国华,宋娇,杨烨,等.不同胎次监利母猪繁殖性能研究[J].长江大学学报(自然科学版),2012,9(4):20-22. PAN G H,SONG J,YANG Y,et al.Study on reproductive performance of Jianli sows with different parity[J].Journal of Yangtze University(Natural Science Edition),2012,9(4):20-22.(in Chinese)
[33] 张茂,孙艳发,许卫华,等.胎次、分娩季节、品种和杂交方式对母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(19):194-197. ZHANG M,SUN Y F,XU W H,et al.Effects of parity,parturition season,variety and crossing system on reproductive performance of sows[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(19):194-197.(in Chinese)
[34] FOXCROFT G R.Mechanisms mediating nutritional effects on embryonic survival in pigs[J].Journal of reproduction and fertility,1997,52(1):47-61.
[35] 肖伟聪,孙杰锋,邝永亮,等.生态猪养殖技术及发展趋势[J].中国畜禽种业,2019,15(8):134. XIAO W C,SUN J F,KUANG Y L,et al.Technology and development trend of ecological pig breeding[J].The Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding,2019,15(8):134.(in Chinese)
[36] 赵高峰.关于生产母猪死胎的发生及应对措施[J].饲料博览,2018,9:83. ZHAO G F.On the occurrence of stillbirth in the production of sows and the countermeasures[J].Feed Review,2018,9:83.(in Chinese)
[37] 王雪峰.论母猪产死胎的原因及防治[J].农民致富之友,2018,22:228. WANG X F.On the causes and prevention of stillbirth in sows[J].Farmers' Friends of Riches,2018,22:228.
[38] 贺湘仁,甄子杰,冯锦荣,等.几种护理方法对产后母猪繁殖性能影响的比较[J].广东畜牧兽医科技,2008,33(1):22-24. HE X R,ZHEN Z J,FENG J R,et al.Comparison of the effects of several nursing methods on reproductive performance of postpartum sows[J].Guangdong Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science,2008,33(1):22-24.(in Chinese)
[39] 何勇.某猪场二元杂交母猪产仔水平差异性调查与分析[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2013. HE Y.Investigation and Analysis on the difference of litter level of binary hybrid sows in a pig farm[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese)
[40] 王玕,孙龙.母猪繁殖障碍性疾病的诊断及防制[J].畜禽业,2008,1:68-70. WANG G,SUN L.Diagnosis and control of sow reproductive disorders[J].Livestock and Poultry Industry,2008,1:68-70.(in Chinese)
[41] POLSON D D,MARSH W E,DIAL G D.Financial evaluation and decision making in the swine breeding herd[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,1992,8(3):725-747.
[42] LUCIA T,MARCIO N,DESCHAMPS J C,et al.Risk factors for stillbirths in two swine farms in the south of Brazil[J].Preventive Veterinary Medicine,2002,53(4):285-292.
[43] VLADIMIR F,BORGES,MARI L,et al.Risk factors for stillbirth and foetal mummification in four Brazilian swine herds[J].Preventive Veterinary Medicine,2005,70(3):165-176.
[44] 黄稳.湖南省某规模猪场母猪繁殖性能的调查与分析[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2017. HUANG W.Investigation and analysis of reproductive performance of sows in a large-scale pig farm in Hunan province[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
[45] 金大春,金俊杰,金叶舟,等.窝产活仔数和初生窝重对21日龄仔猪断奶窝重及断奶成活率的相关性研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,50(19):87-91. JIN D C,JIN J J,JIN Y Z,et al.Study on the Correlation between litter size and birth weight on weaning weight and weaning survival rate of 21-day-old piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2014,50(19):87-91.(in Chinese)
[46] 刘晖.猪的养殖技术及发展趋势分析[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2019,8:131. LIU H.Analysis of pig breeding technology and development trend[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2019,8:131.(in Chinese)
[47] 陈诗波,王亚静,李崇光.中国生猪生产效率及影响因素分析[J].农业现代化研究,2008,29(1):40-44. CHEN S B,WANG Y J,LI C G.Research on production efficiency and affecting factors of live pig in China[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2008,29(1):40-44.(in Chinese)
[48] 葛文霞,柳旭伟,刘晓娜,等.胎次对母猪生产性能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2014,4:23-24. GE W X,LIU X W,LIU X N,et al.Effect of parity on reproductive performance of sows[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2014,4:23-24.(in Chinese)
[49] 靳欣.如何提高哺乳仔猪存活率及断奶体重[J].现代畜牧科技,2016,7:26. JIN X.How to improve the survival rate and weaning weight of suckling piglets[J].Modern Animal Husbandry Science & Technology,2016,7:26.(in Chinese)
[50] 郭建凤,牛月波,刘畅,等.分娩胎次及季节对法系皮特兰母猪繁殖性能的影响[J].山东农业科学,2015,47(8):89-92. GUO J F,NIU Y B,LIU C,et al.Study on Effects of parity and farrowing season on reproductive performance of Pietrain sows[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2015,47(8):89-92.(in Chinese)