Abstract: Microbial resistance is a major problem threatening human care, animal health and food safety.To reduce drug resistance and residues in animal-derived foods, there is an urgent need to explore alternative strategies for prophylactic and therapeutical interventions.One of them is the activation of the innate immune system to enhance a strong and durable non-specific immune responsiveness to subsequent triggers.This process has been termed trained immunity, a de facto innate immune memory.More and more studies have shown that innate immune cells and even tissue-resident stem cells have an immune memory function to protect against reinfection for certain infections and vaccinations, that is, the innate immune system also exhibits adaptive immunity characteristics.In the veterinary field, the concept of improving disease resistance in poultry by enhancing the innate immune system is not new, however, there are few available, purposeful applied research on trained immunity.Therefore, enhancing animal immunity by trained immunity pathways is a new field worthy of attention, which will open new avenues for designing novel broad-spectrum vaccines and finding new drug targets.In this review, we provided an updated advances in the field of trained immunity and elaborated modulation and future research directions for trained immunity in poultry.

Key words: poultry; trained immunity; innate immune recognition; epigenetic reprogramming; metabolic modifications; disease resistance