复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫机能及盲肠菌群结构的影响

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2022.03.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨复合微生态制剂在断奶仔猪饲料中的添加比例及其替代抗生素后对仔猪的影响。【方法】选取80头日龄（28 d±2 d）、体重（9.31 kg±0.52 kg）接近，健康状况良好的三元杂交断奶仔猪（杜×长×大），随机分为5组，每组4个重复，每个重复4头仔猪（公母各半）。对照组饲喂基础饲粮；低、中、高剂量复合微生态制剂组（LOW、MED和HIG）分别在基础饲粮中添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%复合微生态制剂（活菌数分别为1×10¹¹、2×10¹¹、3×10¹¹ CFU/kg）；抗生素组（ANT）在基础饲粮中添加75 mg/kg金霉素。试验期为28 d。记录试验仔猪初始体重、终末体重、腹泻及采食情况。试验第28天采集仔猪前腔静脉血，测定血清生化指标和免疫指标；采集盲肠内容物，利用16S rRNA测序技术分析肠道菌群变化。【结果】与对照组相比，①MED组的平均日增重（ADG）和平均日采食量（ADFI）均显著上升（P<0.05），且与ANT组没有显著差异（P>0.05）；MED和HIG组的料重比（F/G）均显著降低（P<0.05），且与ANT组没有显著差异（P>0.05）；LOW和MED组的腹泻率均显著降低（P<0.05）且与ANT组没有显著差异（P>0.05）。②MED和HIG组仔猪胸腺指数及MED组脾脏指数均显著上升（P<0.05）。MED组胸腺指数和脾脏指数均显著高于ANT组（P<0.05）。③LOW、MED和HIG组血清高密度脂蛋白（HDL）含量显著上升（P<0.05），MED和ANT组的白蛋白（ALB）含量显著上升（P<0.05），LOW、MED和ANT组的天门冬氨基酸转移酶（AST）活性均显著降低（P<0.05）。④LOW和MED组血清免疫球蛋白G （IgG）含量显著升高（P<0.05）；MED和ANT组血清免疫球蛋白A （IgA）和免疫球蛋白M （IgM）含量均显著升高（P<0.05），且与ANT组没有显著差异（P>0.05）。⑤LOW、MED和ANT组仔猪盲肠菌群厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度显著升高（P<0.05），LOW和ANT组普雷沃氏菌属_1（Prevotella_1）相对丰度显著下降（P<0.05）；HIG和ANT组变形菌门（Proteobacteria）相对丰度显著下降（P<0.05）；LOW、MED、HIG和ANT组理研菌科（Rikenellaceae）和弯曲杆菌属（Campylobacter）相对丰度显著下降（P<0.05），而乳杆菌科（Lactobacillaceae）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）相对丰度显著上升（P<0.05）；HIG组拟普雷沃菌属（Alloprevotella）相对丰度显著上升（P<0.05）；MED、HIG和ANT组毛螺菌属（Lachnospira）相对丰度显著下降（P<0.05）；LOW、HIG和ANT组粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）相对丰度显著上升（P<0.05）。相较于对照组和抗生素组，LOW和HIG组假单胞菌科（Pseudomonadaceae）相对丰度显著下降（P<0.05），LOW组瘤胃菌科（Ruminococcaceae）相对丰度显著上升（P<0.05）。【结论】饲粮中添加复合微生态制剂能够改善断奶仔猪的生长性能和免疫机能，改善盲肠微生物的菌群丰度，降低肠道致病菌的丰度，降低腹泻率，其中添加0.2%复合微生态制剂（活菌数为2×10¹¹ CFU/kg）的效果较好，能达到与添加抗生素相似的饲喂效果。

关键词: 断奶仔猪; 微生态制剂; 生长性能; 免疫机能; 菌群结构

Abstract: 【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to explore the proportion of compound microecological preparation in piglet feed and the effect on piglets after replacing antibiotics.【Method】 A total of 80 healthy weaned piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire, weaned at (28±2) days, weighted (9.31±0.52) kg) were randomly divided into five groups, 4 replicates per group and 4 piglets per replicates (half male and half female), respectively.The diet in control group was basal diet.The diet in low dose group (LOW) was basal diet supplemented with 0.1% compound microecological preparation (1×10¹¹ CFU/kg).The diet in medium dose group (MED) was basal diet supplemented with 0.2% compound microecological preparation (2×10¹¹ CFU/kg).The diet in high dose group(HIG) was basal diet supplemented with 0.3% compound microecological preparation (3×10¹¹ CFU/kg).The diet in antibiotic group (ANT) was basal diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline.The experiment was lasted for 28 days.The initial and final body weights, diarrhea of piglets, and feed intake of repeats were accurately recorded.Blood samples were collected on 28 days for the measurement of serum immune parameters and biochemical indices.The contents of cecum were collected, and the changes of intestinal microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing.【Result】 Compared with control group, ①The average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of MED group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between MED and ANT groups (P>0.05).The feed/gain ratio (F/G) of MED and HIG groups were decreased significantly (P<0.05), and had no significant difference compared to ANT group (P>0.05).The diarrhea rate of piglets decreased significantly in LOW and MED groups (P<0.05), and had no significant difference compared to ANT group (P>0.05).②Thymus index of MED and HIG groups, and spleen index of MED group were significantly increased (P<0.05).The thymus and spleen index of MED group were significantly higher than ANT group (P<0.05).③ The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the LOW, MED and HIG groups were increased significantly (P<0.05), and the serum albumin (ALB) contents of MED and ANT groups were significantly increased (P<0.05).The activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) were significantly decreased in LOW, MED and ANT groups (P<0.05).④ The serum immunoglobulin G(IgG) levels in LOW, MED and ANT groups were significantly increased (P<0.05).The immunoglobulin A(IgA) and immunoglobulin M(IgM) levels in MED and ANT groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between MED and ANT groups (P>0.05).⑤ The relative abundance of Firmicutes were increased significantly (P<0.05), in LOW, MED and ANT groups, and the relative abundance of Prevotella_1 decreased significantly (P<0.05) in LOW and ANT groups.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in HIG and ANT groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05).The relative abundance of Rikenellaceae and Campylobacter were decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus were increased significantly (P<0.05) in LOW, MED, HIG and ANT groups.The relative abundance of Alloprevotella in HIG group was increased significantly (P<0.05).The relative abundance of Lachnospira in MED, HIG and ANT groups were decreased significantly (P<0.05).The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium in LOW, HIG and ANT groups were increased significantly (P<0.05).Compared with the control group and ANT group, the relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae in LOW and HIG groups were decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae in LOW group was increased significantly (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 Adding compound microecological preparations to the diet could improve the growth performance and immune function of weaned piglets, improve the abundance of cecal microbes, reduce the abundance of intestinal pathogenic bacteria, and reduce the rate of diarrhea.The effect of adding 0.2% compound probiotics (the number of viable bacteria was 2×10¹¹ CFU/kg) was better, and was similar to that of antibiotics.

Key words: weaned piglets; microecological preparation; growth performance; immune function; flora structure

中图分类号:

S816.7

白培钿, 孔佳美, 裴婷, 程志学, 任玉红. 复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫机能及盲肠菌群结构的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(3): 942-952.

BAI Peitian, KONG Jiamei, PEI Ting, CHENG Zhixue, REN Yuhong. Effects of Compound Microecological Preparation on Growth Performance, Immune Function and Caecal Flora Structure of Weaned Piglets[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(3): 942-952.

参考文献

[1] 严金昌, 肖英平, 王远霞, 等.早期断奶仔猪脂类代谢变化及分子调控机制研究[J].中国饲料, 2021, 11:20-25. YAN J C, XIAO Y P, WANG Y X, et al.Study on lipid metabolism change and regulation mechanism in early weaned piglets[J].China Feed, 2021, 11:20-25.(in Chinese)
[2] 万凡, 钟儒清, 刘明, 等.断奶仔猪应激期肠道健康及营养调控的研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(3):25-30. WAN F, ZHONG R Q, LIU M, et al.Research progress on intestinal health and nutritional regulation of weaned piglets during stress[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(3):25-30.(in Chinese)
[3] 卢建军, 许梓荣.饲粮抗生素影响断奶仔猪肠道结构的机理研究[J].浙江农业学报, 2007, 19(1):15-19. LU J J, XU Z R.Approach on the mechanisms of effects of chlortetracycline in the diet on intestinal morphology in weaning piglets[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2007, 19(1):15-19.(in China)
[4] WATKINS R R, BONOMO R A.Overview:Global and local impact of antibiotic resistance[J].Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 2016, 30(2):313-322.
[5] SIRICHOKCHATCHAWAN W, PUPA P, PRAECHANSRI P, et al.Autochthonous lactic acid bacteria isolated from pig faeces in Thailand show probiotic properties and antibacterial activity against enteric pathogenic bacteria[J].Microbial Pathogenesis, 2018, 119:208-215.
[6] LIU H Y, ROOS S, JONSSON H, et al.Effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri on gut barrier function and heat shock proteins in intestinal porcine epithelial cells[J].Physiological Reports, 2015, 3(4):e12355.
[7] JIANG Z, WEI S, WANG Z, et al.Effects of different forms of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, intestinal development, and systemic immunity in early-weaned piglets[J] .Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2016, 6(1):1-8.
[8] 唐德富, 杨微, 刘以林, 等.应用体外和饲养试验评估两种复合酶对仔猪养分消化和生长性能的影响[J].饲料工业, 2021, 42(7):43-47. TANG D F, YANG W, LIU Y L, et al.Assessment of effects of two enzymes on nutrient digestion and growth performance of piglets by in vitro test and feeding trial[J].Feed Industry, 2021, 42(7):43-47.(in Chinese)
[9] 裴婷, 孔佳美, 白培钿, 等.酶与微生态复合组剂对小鼠生长性能、血液指标及肠道MUC2表达的影响[J].山西农业科学, 2021, 49(4):514-519. PEI T, KONG J M, BAI P T, et al.Effects of enzyme and microecological compound on growth performance, blood parameters and intestinal MUC2 expression in mice[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 49(4):514-519.(in Chinese)
[10] 赵祖艳, 杨运南, 刘日亮, 等.乳果糖和凝结芽孢杆菌合生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和血液指标的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2021, 33(7):3735-3744. ZHAO Z Y, YANG Y N, LIU R L, et al.Effects of synbiotic containing lactulose and Bacillus coagulans on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibilities and blood indexes of weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(7):3735-3744.(in Chinese)
[11] BERMUDEZ-BRITO M, PLAZA-DIAZ J, MUNOZ-QUEZADA S, et al.Probiotic mechanisms of action[J].Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 2012, 61(2):160-174.
[12] 张仕宇, 宋博, 仲银召, 等.猪饲用抗生素替代物研究进展[J].中国饲料, 2021, 5:40-46. ZHANG S Y, SONG B, ZHONG Y Z, et al.Research progress of antibiotic substitutes for swine feed[J].China Feed, 2021, 5:40-46.(in Chinese)
[13] 陈勇, 黄可欣, 梁谱鑫, 等.饲料中添加复合微生态制剂对仔猪生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响[J].中国饲料, 2019, 21:57-59. CHEN Y, HUANG K X, LIANG P X, et al.Effects of compound probiotic on growth performance and apparent digestibility of nutrients in piglets[J].China Feed, 2019, 21:57-59.(in Chinese)
[14] 谢大识, 李继仁, 罗平华.复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能与腹泻率、盲肠与粪便微生物、免疫功能的影响[J].家畜生态学报, 2020, 41(11):48-52. XIE D S, LI J R, LUO P H.Effects of compound microecological preparation on growth performance, diarrhea rate, cecum and fecal microorganism, immune function of weaned piglets[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2020, 41(11):48-52.(in Chinese)
[15] 李绍章, 赵娜, 杨学海, 等.不同工艺对益生菌发酵饲料感观、pH值与重量损耗的影响[J].饲料工业, 2010, 31(18):31-34. LI S Z, ZHAO N, YANG X H, et al.Research on the effect of sensory analysis, pH and weight wasting of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentated feed technology[J].Feed Industry, 2010, 31(18):31-34.(in Chinese)
[16] MA J, PIAO X, SHANG Q, et al.Mixed organic acid alternative to antibiotics improves serum biochemical parameters and intestinal health of weaned piglets[J].Animal Nutrition, 2021, 9:737-749.
[17] HE Y, MAO C, WEN H, et al.Influence of ad libitum feeding of piglets with Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid feed on gut flora, luminal contents and health[J].Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:44553.
[18] 饶泽斌, 曾艳, 刘宇波, 等.饲粮添加干酪乳杆菌代田株对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化功能和结肠生物胺的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2021, 33(6):3165-3175. RAO Z B, ZENG Y, LIU Y B, et al.Effects of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on growth performance, antioxidant function and bioamines in colon of weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(6):3165-3175.(in Chinese)
[19] 陈振, 谢全喜, 亓秀晔, 等.复合益生菌替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、胃肠道pH和免疫器官指数的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2017, 53(4):112-115. CHEN Z, XIE Q X, QI X Y, et al.Effects of compound probiotics instead of antibiotics on growth performance, gastrointestinal pH and immune organ index of weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 53(4):112-115.(in Chinese)
[20] FORTE C, MOSCATI L, ACUTI G, et al.Effects of dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on laying performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry and immune response of organic laying hens[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2016, 100(5):977-987.
[21] 张俊瑜, 丛少波, 臧长江, 等.纳豆芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能、消化性能和血清生化指标的影响[J].中国饲料, 2019, 19:34-38. ZHANG J Y, CONG S B, ZANG C J, et al.Effects of Bacillus natto and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, digestive performance and serum biochemical parameters of sheep[J].China Feed, 2019, 19:34-38.(in Chinese)
[22] 贺长青, 朱瑾, 匡佑华, 等.枯草芽孢杆菌对肥育猪血浆生化和免疫指标及粪便菌群的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2019, 31(7):3260-3267. HE C Q, ZHU J, KUANG Y H, et al.Effects of Bacillus subtilis on plasma biochemical and immune indices and fecal microflora of finishing pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(7):3260-3267.(in Chinese)
[23] LI A, WANG Y, LI Z, et al.Probiotics isolated from yaks improves the growth performance, antioxidant activity, and cytokines related to immunity and inflammation in mice[J].Microbial Cell Factories, 2019, 18:112.
[24] 丁庆华, 刘婕, 赵航彬, 等.仔猪年龄对血清酶及代谢产物、免疫球蛋白与粪便微生物影响的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(7):219-223. DING Q H, LIU J, ZHAO H B, et al.Effects of age on serum enzymes, metabolites, immunoglobulins and fecal microorganisms in piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(7):219-223.(in Chinese)
[25] 任红立, 汪晶晶, 金三俊, 等.妊娠后期饲粮中添加乳酸菌与酵母菌的复合菌对母猪繁殖性能、血浆脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2018, 30(4):1457-1464. REN H L, WANG J J, JIN S J, et al.Effects of dietary compound bacteria of Lactobacillus and yeast in late pregnancy on reproductive performance, plasma lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of sows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2018, 30(4):1457-1464.(in Chinese)
[26] 谢全喜, 亓秀晔, 陈振, 等.复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、免疫性能和肠道菌群的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2017, 29(3):850-858. XIE Q X, QI X Y, CHEN Z, et al.Effects of compound probiotics on growth performance, diarrhea rate, immunity performance and intestinal microflora of weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017, 29(3):850-858.(in Chinese)
[27] WANG K L, CAO G T, ZHANG H R, et al.Effects of Clostridium butyricum and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, immune function, intestinal morphology, volatile fatty acids, and intestinal flora in a piglet model[J].Food & Function, 2019, 10:7844-7854.
[28] 王四新, 季海峰, 石国华, 等.干酪乳杆菌对北京黑猪保育阶段生长性能及肠道菌群的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2018, 30(1):326-335. WANG S X, JI H F, SHI G H, et al.Effects of Lactobacillus casei on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of Beijing Black pigs in nursery stage[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2018, 30(1):326-335.(in Chinese)
[29] KIM H B, ISAACSON R E.The pig gut microbial diversity:Understanding the pig gut microbial ecology through the next generation high throughput sequencing[J].Veterinary Microbiology, 2015, 177(3-4):242-251.
[30] 钟晓霞, 黄健, 刘志云, 等.甘露寡糖和复合益生菌对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道形态结构、挥发性脂肪酸含量和菌群结构的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2020, 32(7):3099-3108. ZHONG X X, HUANG J, LIU Z Y, et al.Effects of mannan oligosaccharides and complex probiotics on growth performance and intestinal morphology, volatile fatty acid contents and microbial structure of weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(7):3099-3108.(in Chinese)
[31] TURNBAUGH P J, GORDON J I.The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity[J].The Journal of Physiology, 2009, 587(17):4153-4158.
[32] 田威龙, 刘笑笑, 程锋, 等.巴马香猪不同生长阶段的肠道菌群特征分析[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(S1):187-194. TIAN W L, LIU X X, CHENG F, et al.Analysis of characteristics of intestinal microflora in different growth stages of Bama Xiang pig[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(S1):187-194.(in Chinese)
[33] 朱佳文, 徐麒麟, 苏志鹏, 等.鼠李糖乳杆菌对早期断奶成华黑仔猪生长性能、免疫性能和肠道菌群的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2021, 33(9):5324-5331. ZHU J W, XU Q L, SU Z P, et al.Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth performance, immune performance and intestinal microflora of early weaned Chenghua Black piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(9):5324-5331.(in Chinese)
[34] 张晨, 敖日格乐, 王纯洁, 等.短链脂肪酸介导的肠上皮和抗炎调节研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(1):32-37. ZHANG C, AO R G L, WANG C J, et al.Research progress on short chain fatty acid mediated intestinal epithelium and anti-inflammatory regulation[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(1):32-37.(in Chinese)
[35] 刘作华, 杜蕾, 齐仁立.仔猪早期肠道微生物变化特点及饲养管理措施[J].饲料工业, 2020, 41(19):5-11. LIU Z H, DU L, QI R L.The dynamic changes of gut microbiota and feed managements in piglets at early life[J].Feed Industry, 2020, 41(19):5-11.(in Chinese)
[36] 何江波, 姚志芳, 吴国芳, 等.乳酸菌制剂益生特性及在畜牧业中的应用研究进展[J].家畜生态学报, 2020, 41(8):85-89. HE J B, YAO Z F, WU G F, et al.Research progress on probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria preparation and its application in animal husbandry[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2020, 41(8):85-89.(in Chinese)
[37] 成焕, 王远亮.槟榔籽多酚对肠道微生物体外发酵的影响[J].食品与机械, 2019, 35(1):41-46. CHENG H, WANG Y L.Effects of polyphenols from Areca seed on intestinal microbes in vitro[J].Food & Machinery, 2019, 35(1):41-46.(in Chinese)
[38] MUNUKKA E, RINTALA A, TOVIONEN R, et al.Faecalibacterium prausnitzii treatment improves hepatic health and reduces adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat fed mice[J].Isme Journal, 2017, 11(7):1667-1679
[39] SAHIN O, KASSEM I I, SHEN Z Q, et al.Campylobacter in poultry:Ecology and potential interventions[J].Avian Diseases, 2015, 59(2):185-200.
[40] 熊云霞, 张亚辉, 李平, 等.复合益生菌固态发酵豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态及肠道菌群的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2021, 33(2):747-759. XIONG Y X, ZHANG Y H, LI P, et al.Effects of compound probiotics solid-state fermented soybean meal on growth performance intestinal morphology and intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(2):747-759.(in Chinese)
[41] 于雷雷, 张凌宇, 张灏, 等.苯并芘诱导Balb/c小鼠的生理损伤和肠道菌群失调[J].中国食品学报, 2021, 21(7):107-114. YU L L, ZHANG L Y, ZHANG H, et al.The benzopyrene induced physiological damage and gut microbiota dysbiosis[J].Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2021, 21(7):107-114.(in Chinese)