饲粮中添加益生菌和酸制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道菌群的影响

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2024.12.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究饲粮中添加益生菌和酸制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道菌群的影响。【方法】选取同批次、健康状况良好、体重相近的健康断奶仔猪120头，随机分为3组，每组5个重复，每个重复8头。A组为对照组，正常饲喂基础饲粮；B组在基础饲粮基础上添加酸制剂1 g/kg；C组在基础饲粮基础上添加益生菌2 g/kg，试验周期30 d。【结果】 ①与A组相比，B、C组仔猪末重、平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)均极显著提高(P＜0.01)，C组仔猪料重比(F/G)显著降低(P＜0.05)。②基于16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群多样性分析显示，Alpha多样性在3组间差异不显著，但Beta多样性中，A组仔猪肠道微生物群落结构与B、C组间存在显著差异。在粪便微生物组成上，3组仔猪肠道优势菌门主要是厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门，各组不同菌门之间的相对丰度有不同的变化趋势，其中与A组相比，B组仔猪肠道拟杆菌门的相对丰度极显著升高(P<0.01)，而B和C组螺旋体菌门相对丰度显著降低(P＜0.05)。与A组相比，B、C组仔猪肠道普雷沃菌属的相对丰度显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05;P＜0.01)，而密螺旋体属和SMB53菌属的相对丰度显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05；P＜0.01)。C组仔猪肠道栖粪杆菌属和罗斯拜瑞氏菌属的相对丰度相较于A组显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05；P＜0.01)，而B组仔猪肠道颤螺菌属的相对丰度相较于A组显著降低(P＜0.05)。③组间菌群KEGG代谢通路功能分析显示，与A组相比，B、C组中视黄醇代谢(ko00830)、泛醌和其他萜类-醌生物合成(ko00130)通路显著上调(P＜0.05)，C组中甲苯降解(ko00623)和鞘脂代谢(ko00600)也出现极显著上调(P＜0.01)。与B组相比，C组氯代烷烃与氯代烯烃降解(ko00625)出现显著上调(P＜0.05)。【结论】饲粮中添加2 g/kg益生菌或1 g/kg酸制剂均能提高断奶仔猪生长性能，可能与添加益生菌和酸化剂调节肠道菌群密切相关，其中添加益生菌的效果优于添加酸制剂。

关键词: 断奶仔猪; 益生菌; 酸制剂; 生长性能; 肠道菌群

Abstract: 【Objective】 The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of adding probiotics and acid preparations to diets on growth performance and intestinal flora of weaned piglets.【Method】 120 healthy weaned piglets from the same batch,with good health and of similar weight were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups with 5 replicates of 8 piglets each.The piglets in control group (group A) were fed with basic feed normally. The piglets in groups B and C were fed with basic diet supplemented with 1 g/kg of acid preparation and 2 g/kg of probiotics,respectively.The experimental period was 30 d.【Result】 ①Compared with group A,the final weight,average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) of piglets in groups B and C were extremely significantly increased (P＜0.01),while the feed to gain ratio (F/G) of piglets in group C was significantly reduced (P＜0.05). ②The analysis of intestinal flora diversity based on 16S rDNA sequencing showed that there was no significant difference among the three groups in Alpha diversity,but in Beta diversity,there was significant difference in gut microbiota structure of piglets between group A and groups B and C. In faecal microbial composition,the dominant phyla in the three groups were mainly Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes,and the relative abundance of different phyla in each group showed different trends,with the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes being extremely significantly higher in group B compared to group A (P<0.01) and that of Spirochaetes was significantly lower in groups B and C compared to group A (P＜0.05).Compared to group A,the relative abundance of Prevotella was found to be significantly or extremely significantly higher in groups B and C (P＜0.05 or P<0.01)，while the relative abundance of Treponema and SMB53 was significantly or extremely significantly lower (P＜0.05 or P<0.01).The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Roseburia was found to be significantly or extremely significantly higher in group C compared to group A (P＜0.05 or P<0.01),whereas the relative abundance of Oscillospira was significantly lower in group B compared to group A(P＜0.05).③A functional analysis of metabolic pathways in KEGG intergroup colonies revealed that retinol metabolism (ko00830) and ubiquinone and other terpene-quinone biosynthesis (ko00130) pathways were significantly up-regulated in group B compared to group A (P＜0.05),toluene degradation (ko00623) and sphingolipid metabolism (ko00600) were extremely significantly upregulated in group C (P＜0.01).Compared with group B,the degradation of chlorinated alkanes and degradation of chloro-olefins (ko00625) was significantly up-regulated in group C (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】 The addition of 2 g/kg probiotics or 1 g/kg acid preparations to the diets of weaned piglets could improve their growth performance,which might be closely related to the addition of probiotics and acidifiers to regulate the intestinal flora.Among them,adding probiotics had a better effect than adding acid preparations.

Key words: weaned piglets; probiotics; acid preparations; growth performance; intestinal flora

中图分类号:

S828.5

魏海波, 刘迎春, 孙曙光, 刘锡武, 祝贵华, 戴正浩, 刘宗正, 文凤云. 饲粮中添加益生菌和酸制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道菌群的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2024, 51(12): 5302-5316.

WEI Haibo, LIU Yingchun, SUN Shuguang, LIU Xiwu, ZHU Guihua, DAI Zhenghao, LIU Zongzheng, WEN Fengyun. Effects of Dietary Probiotics and Acid Preparations on Growth Performance and Intestinal Flora of Weaned Piglets[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2024, 51(12): 5302-5316.

参考文献

[1] DANIEL M W，JENNIFER J，MARIA J L.Understanding weaning distress[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2008，110(1-2)：24-41.
[2] VAN BOECKEL T P，BROWER C，GILBERT M，et al.Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015，112：5649-5654.
[3] XU B，FU J，ZHU L，et al.Overall assessment of antibiotic substitutes for pigs：A set of Meta-analyses[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2021，12(1)：3.
[4] SJÖLUND M，POSTMA M，COLLINEAU L，et al.Quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial usage patterns in farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium，France，Germany and Sweden[J].Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2016，130：41-50.
[5] 中华人民共和国农业农村部.农业农村部关于印发《全国兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动方案(2021—2025年)》的通知[EB/OL].(2021-10-21)[2024-04-24].https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-10/25/content_5644815.htm.MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.Notice of the ministry of agriculture and rural affairs on the issuance of the national action programme for the reduction of the use of veterinary antimicrobial drugs (2021-2025) [EB/OL].(2021-10-21)[2024-04-24].https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-10/25/content_5644815.htm. (in Chinese)
[6] CHEN T，LI R，CHEN P.Gut microbiota and chemical-induced acute liver injury[J].Frontiers in Physiology，2021，12：688780.
[7] CASTILLO M，MARTÍN-ORUE S M，NOFRARÍAS M，et al.Changes in caecal microbiota and mucosal morphology of weaned pigs[J].Veterinary Microbiology, 2007，124(3-4)：239-247.
[8] JIN J，JIA J，ZHANG L，et al.Jejunal inflammatory cytokines，barrier proteins and microbiome-metabolome responses to early supplementary feeding of Bamei suckling piglets[J].BMC Microbiology, 2020，20：169.
[9] CHENG G，HAO H，XIE S，et al.Antibiotic：Alternativ-es the substi-tution of antibiotics in animal husbandry?[J].Frontiers in Microbiology, 2014，5：1-15.
[10] BAJAGAI Y S, KLIEVE A V, DART P J，et al.Probiotics in Animal Nutrition:Production，Impact and Regulation[M].Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，2016.
[11] ANGELIN J，KAVITHA M.Exopolysaccharides from probiotic bacteria and their health potential[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020，162：853-865.
[12] WU J，WANG J, LIN Z，et al.Clostridium butyricum alleviates weaned stress of piglets by improving intestinal immune function and gut microbiota[J].Food Chemistry, 2023，405(Pt B):135014.
[13] ZHANG J，HE M，HE Z.Operational and storage stability of neutral β-mannanase from Bacillus licheniformis[J]. Biotechnology Letters, 2002，24：1611-1613.
[14] 程远之，周洪彬，虞财华，等.不同类型酸化剂对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响[J].动物营养学报，2021，33(5)：2575-2584.CHENG Y Z，ZHOU H B，YU C H，et al.Effects of different types of acidifiers on growth performance and immune function of weaned piglets[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition，2021，33(5)：2575-2584.(in Chinese)
[15] DAHMER P L，HARRISON O L，JONES C K.Effects of formic acid and glycerol monolaurate on weanling pig growth performance，fecal consistency，fecal microbiota，and serum immunity[J].Translational Animal Science, 2022，6(4)：txac145.
[16] HOSSAIN M M，CHO S B，KIM I H.Strategies for reducing noxious gas emissions in pig production:A comprehensive review on the role of feed additives[J].Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2024，66(2)：237-250.
[17] LIU H Y，ZHU C，ZHU M，et al.Alternatives to antibiotics in pig production：Looking through the lens of immunophysiology[J].Stress Biology, 2024，4(1)：1.
[18] LEE S H，INGALE S L，KIM J S，et al.Effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis LS 1-2 fermentation biomass on growth performance，nutrient digestibility，cecal microbiota and intestinal morphology of weanling pig[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2014，188：102-110.
[19] BEAUMONT M，GOODRICH J K，JACKSON M A，et al.Heritable components of the human fecal microbiome are associated with visceral fat[J].Genome Biology, 2016，17(1)：61-67.
[20] LIM M Y，SONG E J，KANG K S，et al.Age-related compositional and functional changes in micro-pig gut microbiome[J].GeroScience, 2019，41(6)：935-944.
[21] PERRY R J，PENG L，BARRY N A，et al.Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome[J].Nature, 2016，534(7606)：213-217.
[22] SOOKOIAN S，SALATINO A，CASTAÑO G O，et al.Intrahepatic bacterial metataxonomic signature in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Gut, 2020，69(8)：1483-1491.
[23] ZHU J Q，KONG Y，YU J，et al.Consumption of drinking water N-nitrosamines mixture alters gut microbiome and increases the obesity risk in young male rats[J].Environmental Pollution, 2019，248：388-396.
[24] TURNBAUGH P J，LEY R E，MAHOWALD M A，et al.An obesity-associated gut microbio-me with increased capacity for energy harvest[J].Nature, 2006，444(7122)：1027-1031.
[25] LIU H，WANG S，CHEN M，et al.Effects of Lactobacillus-fermented low-protein diets on the growth performance, nitrogen excretion, fecal microbiota and metabolomic profiles of finishing pigs[J].Scientific Reports, 2024，14(1)：8612.
[26] TAMANAI-SHACOORI Z，SMIDA I，BOUSARGHIN L，et al.Roseburia spp.：A marker of health?[J].Future Microbiology, 2017，12：157-170.
[27] BRYUKHANOV A L，KLIMKO A I，NETRUSOV A I.Antioxidant properties of lactic acid bacteria[J].Microbiology, 2022，91：463-478.
[28] LABUDA J，HARRISON O J.sLRP1’in up retinol keeps the gut SAAfe[J].Immunity, 2021，54(11)：2447-2449.
[29] IWATA M，HIRAKIYAMA A，ESHIMA Y，et al.Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells[J].Immunity, 2004，21：527-538.
[30] MORA J R，IWATA M，EKSTEEN B，et al.Generation of gut-homing IgA-secreting B cells by intestinal dendritic cells[J].Science, 2006，314：1157-1160.
[31] GALLI F，AZZI A，BIRRINGER M，et al.Vitamin E：Emerging aspects and new directions[J].Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2017，102：16-36.
[32] HANNUN Y A，OBEID L M.Sphingolipids and their metabolism in physiology and disease[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2018，19(3)：175-191.
[33] LI J，ZHAO F，WANG Y，et al.Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension[J].Microbiome, 2017，5：14.
[34] DING X D，ZHOU J，CHAI Y H，et al.A metagenomic study of the gut microbiome in PTB’s disease[J].Microbes and Infection, 2022，24(2)：104893.
[35] KASAPOGLU M，YADAVALLI R，NAWAZ S，et al.The impact of microbiome interventions on the progression and severity of inflammatory bowel disease：A systematic review[J].Cureus, 2024，16(5)：e60786.
[36] GANJI-ARJENAKI M，RAFIEIAN-KOPAEI M.Probiotics are a good choice in remission of inflammatory bowel diseases：A Meta analysis and systematic review[J].Journal of Cellular Physiology, 2018，233：2091-2103.
[37] SUN M, MA N, HE T, et al.Tryptophan (Trp) modulates gut homeostasis via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020，60(10)：1760-1768.
[38] YANG C，DU Y，REN D，et al.Gut microbiota-dependent catabolites of tryptophan play a predominant role in the protective effects of turmeric polysaccharides against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis[J].Food & Function, 2021，12：9793-9807.
[39] WU H，TANG D，YUN M，et al.Metabolic dysfunctions of intestinal fatty acids and tryptophan reveal immuno-inflammatory response activation in IgA nephropathy[J].Frontiers in Medicine, 2022，9：811526.
[40] LIU F，XU X，CHAO L，et al.Alteration of the gut microbiome in chronic kidney disease patients and its association with serum free immunoglobulin light chains[J].Frontiers in Immunology, 2021，12：609700.
[41] LIU W，HUANG J，LIU T，et al.Changes in gut microbial community upon chronic kidney disease[J].PLoS One, 2023，18：e0283389.
[42] CLAUS S P，GUILLOU H，ELLERO-SIMATOS S.The gut microbiota:A major player in the toxicity of environmental pollutants?[J]. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 2016，2：16003.
[43] GIRDHAR K，DOGRU Y D，HUANG Q，et al.Dynamics of the gut microbiome, IgA response, and plasma metabolome in the development of pediatric celiac disease[J].Microbiome, 2023，11：9.
[44] MOHAPATRA B，PHALE P S.Microbial degradation of naphthalene and substituted naphthalenes:Metabolic diversity and genomic insight for bioremediation[J].Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021，9：602445.