幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物的定植过程与调控措施

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2021.03.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 反刍动物是畜牧业中的重要支柱，研究瘤胃微生物在幼龄反刍动物上的定植过程，并利用其中的定植规律采取科学的早期调控措施，以此提高反刍动物的生产效率，对于维持畜牧业高效、健康、可持续发展具有重要意义。瘤胃微生物的定植过程伴随着幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的发育和饮食结构的巨大变化。在幼龄反刍动物哺乳时，瘤胃由于食管沟反射的存在而不发挥功能，发育缓慢，此时只有部分功能菌群逐渐定植；随着日龄的增长，幼龄反刍动物大量摄入固体饲料，瘤胃在固体饲料的刺激下迅速发育直至成熟，此时大量菌群定植，瘤胃发酵逐渐活跃，且优势菌及其丰度与前期相比发生较大变化。同时，大量瘤胃发酵产物的积累又进一步刺激了瘤胃的发育。反刍动物在幼龄阶段经历了从非反刍到反刍的生理过渡，是其最敏感和可塑性最强的时期，可以在此阶段对反刍动物瘤胃微生物采取人工调控措施，以保证机体的健康和后续生长发育。作者综述了反刍动物瘤胃早期发育过程、瘤胃内微生物的种类、来源及其在幼龄反刍动物瘤胃中的定植过程，阐明瘤胃微生物在反刍动物消化代谢、生产性能以及畜体健康方面的重要功能，并归纳了常用的瘤胃微生物调控技术，从而为生产中对幼龄反刍动物的饲养管理、营养调控提供参考。

关键词: 反刍动物; 瘤胃微生物; 定植过程; 人工调控

Abstract: Ruminants are important livestock in animal husbandry.It is of great significance to study the colonization process of rumen microorganisms in young ruminants,and take scientific early regulation measures by utilizing the colonization rules so as to improve the production efficiency and product quality of ruminants,and to maintain the high efficiency,health and sustainable development of animal husbandry.The colonization process of rumen microbes is accompanied by huge changes in the rumen development and diet of young ruminants.When young ruminants are breastfeeding,the rumen does not work due to the presence of the esophageal groove reflex,so the development is slow.At this time,only few functional microbes gradually colonized.As the age increases,young ruminants take in large amount of solid feed,the rumen develops rapidly and matures under the stimulation of solid feed.At this time,a large number of bacteria colonized,rumen fermentation is gradually active,the dominant microbial have changed greatly compared with the previous period,and the accumulation of rumen fermentation products further stimulated the development of rumen.Ruminants have experienced a physiological transition from non-rumination to rumination at the young stage.The stage before rumination is the period of the most sensitive and easy to intervene.It is possible to take artificial regulation measures for ruminant rumen microbes at the young stage to ensure the healthy and growth.In this paper,the early development of rumen,the types and sources of rumen microorganisms and their colonization in the rumen of young ruminants were reviewed.The important functions of rumen microorganisms in rumen digestion and metabolism,production performance and animal health were elucidated.The commonly used rumen microbial control techniques were also included,so as to provide a reference for the feeding management and nutrition regulation of young ruminants in the production system.

Key words: ruminant; rumen microorganisms; colonization process; atificial regulation

中图分类号:

郭旭, 张科, 陈玉林, 杨雨鑫. 幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物的定植过程与调控措施[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2021, 48(3): 882-892.

GUO Xu, ZHANG Ke, CHEN Yulin, YANG Yuxin. The Colonization Process and Regulation Measures of Rumen Microorganisms in Young Ruminants[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2021, 48(3): 882-892.

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