青贮饲料有氧变质及其预防措施研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2022.11.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 青贮饲料是反刍动物饲料中必不可缺的组成部分。然而，青贮饲料一旦与空气接触，就会不可避免地发生一定程度的有氧变质，给饲料业和畜牧业造成极大的损失，严重制约着畜牧业的发展，所以针对预防有氧变质产生的措施研究十分必要。作者充分调研了国内外对预防青贮饲料有氧变质措施的相关研究，在此基础上，首先概述了有氧变质的产生原因、危害性、相关微生物（霉菌及酵母菌）及其对青贮饲料品质的影响；其次，综述了物理方法（原料水分、长度及贮存密度等）、化学方法（有效成分为酸或盐等化学制剂）、生物发酵法（添加酶制剂（如纤维素酶及半纤维素酶等）、微生物制剂（乳酸菌及其他益生菌）和生物活性物质）等现有的预防青贮饲料有氧变质措施，重点阐述了乳酸菌尤其是异型发酵乳酸菌等益生菌，及其代谢产物单独和与其他方法结合预防有氧变质产生的研究进展；最后，归纳了玉米、秸秆和牧草等重要饲料原料的青贮有氧变质预防措施，并对今后有氧变质的研究重点及防控措施提出了建议和展望。文章旨在为解决青贮饲料的有氧变质问题、建立预防有氧变质产生的高效措施、改善饲料品质、促进畜牧业的发展提供一定的参考。

关键词: 青贮饲料; 有氧变质; 预防措施; 乳酸菌

Abstract: Silage is an indispensable part of animal feed.However, once the silage is opened and in contact with the air, inevitably causing aerobic deterioration to a certain extent.Aerobic deterioration of silage would cause great losses to feed industry and animal husbandry, and seriously restrict the development of animal husbandry.Therefore, it is necessary to study the measures to prevent aerobic deterioration.The authors had fully investigated the relevant studies at home and abroad on measures to prevent aerobic deterioration of silage, and on this basis, firstly, a systematic description on the causes, hazards, related microbial changes (mold and yeast) and their impact on the quality of silage were summarized.And then, physical method (the moisture of raw material, length and storage density), chemical method (effective components in the chemical agents as acid or salt), and biological fermentation method(with enzymes (such as cellulase and hemicellulase), microbial agents (lactic acid bacteria and other probiotic bacteria), and biological active substances) and other existing silage aerobic deterioration prevention methods were reviewed, of which, the research progress on lactic acid bacteria, especially heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites alone and combined with other methods in preventing aerobic deterioration was focused on described.Finally, a summary of the prevention of aerobic deterioration for important silage materials including corn, straw and forage were presented, as well as suggestions and perspectives of research priorities and preventive and control measures for aerobic deterioration in the future were offered.The aim of this paper was to provide a reference for solving the problem of aerobic deterioration of silage, establishing efficient measures to prevent aerobic deterioration, improving feed quality and even promoting the development of animal husbandry.

Key words: silage; aerobic deterioration; preventive measures; lactic acid bacteria

中图分类号:

S816.5⁺3

王珍玉, 谈重芳, 王伟伟, 马皓, 秦广雍, 王雁萍, 庞会利. 青贮饲料有氧变质及其预防措施研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(11): 4207-4217.

WANG Zhenyu, TAN Zhongfang, WANG Weiwei, MA Hao, QIN Guangyong, WANG Yanping, PANG Huili. Research Progress on Aerobic Deterioration of Silage Feed and Its Preventive Measures[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(11): 4207-4217.

参考文献

[1] MCDONALD P, HENDERSON A R, HERON S.The Biochemistry of Silage[M].2nd Edition. Marlow:Chalcombe Publications, 1991.
[2] NI K, MINH T T, TU T, et al.Comparative microbiota assessment of wilted Italian ryegrass, whole crop corn, and wilted alfalfa silage using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and next-generation sequencing[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017, 101(4):1385-1394.
[3] 庞会利.饲料作物及发酵饲料中自然附着乳酸菌群的分类学研究[D].郑州:郑州大学, 2011. PANG H L.Taxonomy of naturally attached lactic acid bacteria in feed crops and fermented feeds[D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University, 2011.(in Chinese)
[4] SANTOS M C, LOCK A L, MECHOR G D, et a1.Effects of a spoilage yeast from silage on in vitro ruminal fermentation[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2015, 98(4):2603-2610.
[5] WEINBERG Z G, MUCK R E.New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage[J].FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2010, 1:53-68.
[6] DUNIōRE L, SINDOU J, CHAUCHEYRAS-DURAND F, et al.Silage processing and strategies to prevent persistence of undesirable microorganisms[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2013, 182(1-4):1-15..
[7] DRIEHUIS F, ELFERINK S.The impact of the quality of silage on animal health and food safety:A review[J].Veterinary Quarterly, 2000, 22(4):212-216.
[8] 徐振上.优良青贮剂菌株选育及对青贮饲料品质影响[D].济南:山东大学, 2018. XU Z S.Selection of excellent inoculant strains and their effects on corn stover silages[D].Jinan:Shandong University, 2018.(in Chinese)
[9] NISHINO N, WADA H, YOSHIDA M, et al.Microbial counts, fermentation products, and aerobic stability of whole crop corn and a total mixed ration ensiled with and without inoculation of Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2004, 87(8):2563-2570.
[10] MCENIRY J, O'KIELY P, CLIPSON N, et al.Assessing the impact of various ensilage factors on the fermentation of grass silage using conventional culture and bacterial community analysis techniques[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2010, 108:1584-1593.
[11] WOOLFORD M K.The detrimental effects of air on silage[J].Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1990, 68(2):101-116.
[12] 塔娜, 魏日华, 德庆哈拉, 等.对禾草源同型发酵和/或异型发酵乳酸菌发酵无芒雀麦青贮有氧稳定性的评价[J].动物营养学报, 2017, 29(4):1301-1311. TA N, WEI R H, DE Q H L, et al.Evaluation of aerobic stability of Bromus inermis Leyss.silage fermented by homofermentative and/or heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria from grass[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017, 29(4):1301-1311.(in Chinese)
[13] HUISDEN C M, ADESOGAN A T, KIM S C, et al.Effect of applying molasses or inoculants containing homofermentative or heterofermentative bacteria at two rates on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2009, 92(2):690-697.
[14] CHEN Y, WEINBERG Z G.Changes during aerobic exposure of wheat silages[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2009, 154(1-2):76-82.
[15] PENG K, JIN L, NIU Y, et al.Condensed tannins affect bacterial and fungal microbiomes and mycotoxin production during ensiling and upon aerobic exposure[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2017, 84(3):5-25.
[16] BRVNING D, GERLACH K, WEI K, et al.Effect of compaction, delayed sealing and aerobic exposure on forage choice and short-term intake of maize silage by goats[J].Grass and Forage Science, 2017, 73(2):392-405.
[17] GERLACH K, LIAO Y, SVDEKUM K H.Aerobic exposure of Lucerne silages and its impact on preference and dry matter intake by goats[J].Small Ruminant Research, 2014, 121(2-3):308-313.
[18] GERLACH K, WEISS K, ROSS F, et al.Changes in maize silage fermentation products during aerobic deterioration and effects on dry matter intake by goats[J].Agricultural and Food Science, 2013, 22:168-181.
[19] MUCK R E.Ensiling and its effect on crop quality[A].National Silage Production Conference[C].1993.
[20] SPOELSTRA S F, WIKSELAR P, HARDER B.The effects of ensiling whole crop maize with a multi-enzyme preparation on the chemical composition of the resulting silages[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2010, 60(2):223-228.
[21] 孙志强, 贾婷婷, 玉柱.全株玉米青贮饲料有氧暴露过程中pH和微生物变化的研究[J].草学, 2018, S1:11-13. SUN Z Q, JIA T T, YU Z.Study on pH and microbial changes of whole corn silage during aerobic exposure[J].Journal of Grassland and Forage Science, 2018, S1:11-13.(in Chinese)
[22] BAI C, WANG C, SUN L, et al.Dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities and metabolites during aerobic exposure in whole-plant corn silages with two different moisture levels[J].Frontiers in Microbiology, 2021, 12(7):663895.
[23] 刘辉, 卜登攀, 吕中旺, 等.凋萎和不同添加剂对紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响[J].草业学报, 2015, 24(5):126-133. LIU H, BU D P, LYU Z W, et al.Effects of withering and different additives on silage quality of alfalfa[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(5):126-133.(in Chinese)
[24] VISSERS M, DRIEHUIS F, GIFFEL M, et al.Concentrations of butyric acid bacteria spores in silage and relationships with aerobic deterioration[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2007, 90(2):928-936.
[25] 李梦华.基于先进传感技术精细观测青贮饲料氧胁迫反应与模型检验[D].北京:中国农业大学, 2018. LI M H.Fine observation of silage oxygen stress response and model test based on advanced sensing technology[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University, 2018.(in Chinese)
[26] MUCK R E, NADEAU E, MCALLISTER T A, et al.Silage review:Recent advances and future uses of silage additives[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2018, 101(5):3980-4000.
[27] KUNG L, SMITH M L, SILVA E B, et al.An evaluation of the effectiveness of a chemical additive based on sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2018, 101(7):5949-5960.
[28] AUERBACH H, THEOBALD P.Additive type affects fermentation, aerobic stability and mycotoxin formation during air exposure of early-cut rye (Secale cereale L.) silage[J].Agronomy, 2020, 10(9):1432.
[29] YANBING L, ERICA B, CHARLES O, et al.Effect of microbial and chemical additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage ensiled at 2 dry matters and subjected to air stress during storage[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 99(7):174.
[30] DA S, SAVAGE R M, BIDDLE A S, et al.Effects of a chemical additive on the fermentation, microbial communities, and aerobic stability of corn silage with or without air stress during storage[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(8):246.
[31] THOMAS M E, FOSTER J L, MCCUISTION K C, et al.Nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, and in situ disappearance kinetics of sorghum silage treated with inoculants[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2013, 96(11):7120-7131.
[32] LEE H V, HAMID S, ZAIN S K.Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to nanocellulose:Structure and chemical process[J].The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 8:631013.
[33] FUJITA Y, ITO J, UEDA M, et al.Synergistic saccharification, and direct fermentation to ethanol, of amorphous cellulose by use of an engineered yeast strain codisplaying three types of cellulolytic enzyme[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2004, 70(2):1207-1212.
[34] 宁婷婷.TMR发酵过程中微生物及其酶对淀粉及半纤维素降解的作用机理研究[D].北京:中国农业大学, 2016. NING T T.Mechanisms underlying starch and hemicellulose degradation by microbial enzymes in total mixed ration silage[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University, 2016.(in Chinese)
[35] HENDERSON A R, MCDONALD P, ANDERSON D.The effect of a cellulase preparation derived from Trichoderma viride on the chemical changes during the ensiling of grass, lucerne and clover[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2010, 33(1):16-20.
[36] PANG H, QIN G, TAN Z, et al.Natural populations of lactic acid bacteria associated with silage fermentation as determined by phenotype, 16S ribosomal RNA and recA gene analysis[J].Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2011, 34(3):235-241.
[37] RYCHEN G, AQUILINA G, AZIMONTI G, et al.Safety and efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 29024 as a silage additive for all animal species[J].EFSA Journal, 2017, 15(1):e04675.
[38] WANG T, TENG K, CAO Y, et al.Effects of Lactobacillus hilgardii 60TS-2, with or without homofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum B90, on the aerobic stability, fermentation quality and microbial community dynamics in sugarcane top silage[J].Bioresource Technology, 2020, 312(9):123600.
[39] ZHANG Y, KE W, VYAS D, et al.Antioxidant status, chemical composition and fermentation profile of alfalfa silage ensiled at two dry matter contents with a novel Lactobacillus plantarum strain with high-antioxidant activity[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2021, 272(2):114751.
[40] 关皓.西南区青贮微生物区系特征及优选乳酸菌对高温的响应研究[D].成都:四川农业大学, 2020. GUAN H.Study on the characteristics of silage microflora and response mechanism of selected lactic acid bacteria to high temperature in Southwest China[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University, 2020.(in Chinese)
[41] NSEREKO V L, SMILEY B K, RUTHERFORD W M, et al.Influence of inoculating forage with lactic acid bacterial strains that produce ferulate esterase on ensilage and ruminal degradation of fiber[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008, 145(1-4):122-135.
[42] ARRIOLA K G, OLIVEIRA A, JIANG Y, et al.Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri, with or without other bacteria, on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and performance of dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2021, 104(7):7653-7670.
[43] HU W, SCHMIDT R J, MCDONELL E E, et al.The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 or Lactobacillus plantarum MTD-1 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silages ensiled at two dry matter contents[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2009, 92(8):3907-3914.
[44] 万江春, 封帆, 谢开云, 等.同/异质型乳酸菌对苏丹草青贮饲料有氧暴露过程中酵母菌群落的影响[J].饲料研究, 2021, 44(7):119-123. WAN J C, FENG F, XIE K Y, et al.Effect of homo- and hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacteria on yeast community during aerobic exposure process of sudangrass silage[J].Feed Research, 2021, 44(7):119-123.(in Chinese)
[45] POLUKIS S A, SMITH M L, SAVAGE R M, et al.The effect of two microbial inoculants on the aerobic stability of high-moisture corn[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 94:678.
[46] 吕竑建, 邹璇, 吴硕, 等.添加辣木叶和香肠乳杆菌对玉米秸秆青贮品质的影响[J].草地学报, 2021, 29(6):1343-1349. LYU H J, ZOU X, WU S, et al.Effects of Moringa oleifera leaves and Lactobacillus sausage on the quality of corn straw silage[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2021, 29(6):1343-1349.(in Chinese)
[47] LIU Q, LINDOW S E, ZHANG J.Lactobacillus parafarraginis ZH1 producing anti-yeast substances to improve the aerobic stability of silage[J].Animal Science Journal, 2018, 89(9):1302-1309.
[48] 王琦, 武之绚, 陈钟玲, 等.副干酪乳杆菌对青贮苜蓿有氧暴露品质和细菌多样性的影响[J].生物技术通报, 2021, 37(9):77-85. WANG Q, WU Z X, CHEN Z L, et al.Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei on the quality and bacterial diversity of silage alfalfa after aerobic exposure.Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(9):77-85.(in Chinese)
[49] 董柯.高效产酸菌的筛选鉴定及其在玉米秸秆青贮中的应用研究[D].镇江:江苏大学, 2021. DONG K.Screening and identification of high-efficiency acid producing bacteria and its application in corn straw silage[D].Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University, 2021.(in Chinese)
[50] LI F, DING Z, ADESOGAN A T, et al.Effects of class Ⅱa bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus species on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage[J].Animals, 2020, 10(9):1575.
[51] LI F, DING Z, CHEN X, et al.The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum with feruloyl esterase-producing ability or high antioxidant activity on the fermentation, chemical composition, and antioxidant status of alfalfa silage[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2021, 273(3):114835.
[52] KLEINSCHMIT D H, KUNG L.The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus R1094 on the fermentation of corn silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2006, 89(10):3999-4004.
[53] ROMERO J J, PARK J, JOO Y, et al.A combination of Lactobacillus buchneri and Pediococcus pentosaceus extended the aerobic stability of conventional and BMR-corn hybrids ensiled at low dry matter concentrations by causing a major shift in their bacterial and fungal community[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 99(8):141.
[54] 成娟丽, 林金水.布氏乳杆菌与不同乳酸菌联用对玉米青贮发酵、干物质回收率和营养价值的影响[J].中国饲料, 2018, 20:17-21. CHENG J L, LIN J S.Effects of combining Lactobacillus buchneri with various lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation, dry matter recovery and nutritive value of corn silage[J].China Feed, 2018, 20:17-21.(in Chinese)
[55] 王丹丹.微生物接种剂对玉米秸秆青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响[J].饲料研究, 2021, 44(6):109-113. WANG D D.Effect of microbial inoculants on quality and aerobic stability of corn straw silage[J].Feed Research, 2021, 44(6):109-113.(in Chinese)
[56] JAYAKRISHNAN N, NIU H, ESTEFANÍA A, et al.Effects of inoculation of corn silage with Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri on silage quality, aerobic stability, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of growing beef cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(10):267.
[57] 唐振华, 陈月丽, 邹彩霞, 等.热带假丝酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌与乳酸菌组合对甘蔗尾青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医, 2015, 42(12):3217-3225. TANG Z H, CHEN Y L, ZOU C X, et al.Effects of Candida tropicalis, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus combination on quality and aerobic stability of Sugarcane tops silage[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 42(12):3217-3225.(in Chinese)
[58] BAI J, XU D, XIE D, et al.Effects of antibacterial peptide-producing Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus buchneri on fermentation, aerobic stability, and microbial community of alfalfa silage[J].Bioresource Technology, 2020, 315(11):123881.
[59] LI P, SHEN Y, YOU M, et al.Effect of grape pomace on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 88(10):1523-1530.
[60] DINIĆ B, TERZIĆ D, BLAGOJEVIĆ M, et al.Effect of addition of NPN substances and inoculants on fermentation process and nutritive value of corn silage[J].Acta Agriculture Serbica, 2013, 35:11-21.
[61] HE L, ZHOU W, XING Y, et al.Improving the quality of rice straw silage with Moringa oleifera leaves and propionic acid:Fermentation, nutrition, aerobic stability and microbial communities[J].Bioresource Technology, 2019, 299:122579.
[62] TURAN A, NEN S S.Effect of cumin essential oil usage on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silage[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2018, 31(8):1252-1258.
[63] 黄峰, 李浩, 王坤, 等.附生微生物对青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2020, 32(12):5976-5984. HUANG F, LI H, WANG K, et al.Effects of epiphytic microorganisms on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of silage[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(12):5976-5984.(in Chinese)
[64] ZHAO J, DONG Z, CHEN L, et al.The replacement of whole-plant corn with bamboo shoot shell on the fermentation quality, chemical composition, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of total mixed ration silage[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2020, 259(1):114348.
[65] KOÇ F, ÖZKAN VNAL E, OKUYUCU B, et al.Effect of different kefir source on fermentation, aerobic stability, and microbial community of alfalfa silage[J].Animals, 2021, 11(7):11072096.
[66] FILYA I, SUCU E, KARABULUT A.The effect of Propionibacterium acidipropionici, with or without Lactobacillus plantarum, on the fermentation and aerobic stability of wheat, sorghum and maize silages[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2010, 97(4):818-826.
[67] KLEINSCHMIT D H, KUNG L.The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus R1094 on the fermentation of corn silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2006, 89(10):3999-4004.
[68] 张宁.单一和复合乳酸菌制剂对水稻秸青贮品质和营养价值的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学, 2013. ZHANG N.The effects of adding single and compound Lactobacillus preparation on rice straw silage quality and nutritional value[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University, 2013.(in Chinese)
[69] 朱九刚, 张健, 邵涛, 等.添加剂对全株燕麦青贮饲料发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响[J].草地学报, 2020, 28(6):1756-1761. ZHU J G, ZHANG J, SHAO T, et al.The effects of additives on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of whole-plant oat silage[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2020, 28(6):1756-1761.(in Chinese)
[70] 张雨书, 张洁, 李茂, 等.糖蜜对不同比例干稻草和王草混合青贮品质的影响[J].中国饲料, 2022, 1:121-126. ZHANG Y S, ZHANG J, LI M, et al.Effects of molasses on the quality of mixed silage of different proportions of dry straw and king grass[J].China Feed, 2022, 1:121-126.(in Chinese)
[71] 辛鹏程.添加剂对西藏青稞秸秆和多年生黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学, 2013. XIN P C.The effects of additives on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of mixed silages of hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass in Tibet.[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2013.(in Chinese)
[72] MU L, XIE Z, HU L, et al.Cellulase interacts with Lactobacillus plantarum to affect chemical composition, bacterial communities, and aerobic stability in mixed silage of high-moisture amaranth and rice straw[J].Bioresource Technology, 2020, 315:123772.
[73] NETO A F G, SANTOS T M D, SILVA J D, et al.Effect of whey permeate and Lactobacillus buchneri on biomass conservation, chemical characteristics and aerobic stability of elephant grass silage[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2021, 12(2):879-893.
[74] SHAH A A, QIAN C, WU J, et al.Effects of natamycin and Lactobacillus plantarum on the chemical composition, microbial community, and aerobic stability of hybrid pennisetum at different temperatures[J].RSC Advances, 2020, 10(15):8692-8702.