Xist lncRNA介导X染色体失活及应用研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2022.01.023

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在哺乳动物胚胎发育过程中，雌性胚胎细胞中一条X染色体转录沉默，导致两性间的剂量补偿称为X染色体失活（X chromosome inactivation，XCI）。X染色体失活中心（X chromosome inactivation center，XIC）是XCI的主要调控区域，X-非活性特异性转录物（X-inactive specific transcript，Xist）位于该区域中且是XCI的关键部分。Xist长链非编码RNA（long chain non-coding RNA，lncRNA）是一种非活性的特异性转录物，能够招募如RNA互作结合蛋白（RNA interaction binding protein，RBP）、染色质修饰因子等一系列辅助因子，促使染色体和细胞核空间结构、染色质组成及X连锁基因转录水平发生改变，从而将有活性的染色体转化为无活性的染色体。对小鼠、人及其他物种研究显示，XCI普遍存在于哺乳动物胚胎发育中，是胚胎存活的基础，然而不同物种胚胎中却存在一些特异性差异。此外，癌症、肿瘤等一些人类疾病也与XCI有关。目前关于XCI机制研究比较零散，作者就Xist lncRNA介导XCI的主要分子机理、调控机制及在不同物种中的研究进行概述。

关键词: 哺乳动物; X染色体失活(XCI); X染色体失活中心(XIC); X-非活性特异性转录物(Xist); lncRNA

Abstract: X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an epigenetic mechanism of dosage compensation between two sexes in mammals during mammalian embryonic development, which leads to the lifelong transcriptional silencing of one randomly chosen X chromosome in females. X chromosome inactivation center (XIC) is the main regulatory region of XCI, X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) is located in this region, and it is a key part of XCI. Xist long chain non-coding RNA(lncRNA) is an inactive specific transcript, which can recruit a series of auxiliary factors such as RNA interaction binding protein (RBP) and chromatin modification factors to change the spatial structure of chromosome and nucleus, chromatin composition and X-linked gene transcription level, so as to transform active chromosomes into inactive chromosomes. At present, studies in mice, humans and other species have found that the establishment and maintenance of appropriate econometric compensation are very important and widespread for mammals to survive in the embryonic development process. However, there are certain specific differences in the biological phenomenon of embryos in different species and genders, and some human diseases are also related to XCI, such as cancer and tumor. At present, the research on the mechanism of XCI is relatively scattered. The author summarizes the main molecular mechanism, regulatory mechanism and research in different species of XCI mediated by Xist lncRNA.

Key words: mammal; X chromosome inactivation (XCI); X chromosome inactivation center (XIC); X-inactive specific transcript (Xist); lncRNA

中图分类号:

S814.8

陶维昆, 刘波, 黄飞, 王杰, 高庆华. Xist lncRNA介导X染色体失活及应用研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(1): 216-223.

TAO Weikun, LIU Bo, HUANG Fei, WANG Jie, GAO Qinghua. Research Progress on Xist lncRNA Mediated X Chromosome Inactivation and Its Application[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(1): 216-223.

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