多不饱和脂肪酸对家禽脂类代谢及繁殖性能调节作用的研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2023.10.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)是家禽脂类代谢的调控生物活性分子,其中n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA是精子和卵子内脂质的重要组成,其含量及n-6/n-3 PUFA比与家禽的脂肪酸沉积、繁殖供能等方面息息相关。n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA在影响脂类代谢和繁殖性能方面相互协调和制约,其在家禽体内的代谢中共用一套生物酶,α-亚麻酸(α-linolenic acid,ALA)和亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)可分别生成更长链的n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA,且n-3 PUFA可抑制n-6 PUFA的衍生,n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA在细胞的沉积中具有竞争效应。PUFA通过激活家禽过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体促进脂肪合成与分解,降低脂肪沉积。n-3 PUFA系的ALA和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)能增强精子抗氧化能力,改善精子质膜流动性,提高精子活力;n-6 PUFA是家禽精子主要的脂肪酸,可促进睾酮、前列腺素(prostaglandin,PG)的合成和分泌,促使精子生成和提高精子抗氧化能力。n-3 PUFA影响卵母细胞和胚胎的脂肪酸组成,调节家禽性激素的合成与分泌,提高卵母细胞和胚胎的抗氧化能力及质量,降低细胞凋亡和胚胎死亡率;二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,ARA)合成相应的PG,调节雌禽卵泡发育和排卵。然而,过多的PUFA沉积可能引起脂肪沉积、诱导细胞氧化应激。目前,饲粮中添加PUFA对提高畜禽生产性能的研究取得较大的进展,但其调节家禽脂类代谢和繁殖性能的作用机制仍需深入探讨。作者主要从PUFA在家禽的营养代谢出发,综述了n-3 PUFA、n-6 PUFA及n-6/n-3 PUFA比对其脂类代谢和繁殖性能的影响,以期为PUFA在家禽营养、育种领域的高效利用提供理论基础。

关键词: 多不饱和脂肪酸; 家禽; 脂类代谢; 繁殖性能

Abstract: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are bioactive molecules that regulate lipid metabolism in poultry,among them,n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA are important lipid components in sperm and ovum,and their content and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio are closely related to fatty acid deposition,reproductive energy supply and other aspects of poultry.n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA coordinate and restrict each other in affecting lipid metabolism and reproductive performance.n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA metabolize in poultry using a set of enzymes,α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) can produce longer chain n-3 PUFA and n-6PUFA,respectively.n-3 PUFA inhibited the derivations of n-6 PUFA,and the deposition of n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA in cells had competitive effect.PUFA can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in poultry,promote fat synthesis and decomposition,and reduce fat deposition.ALA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of n-3 PUFA could improve the antioxidant capacity of sperm,improve the fluidity of sperm plasma membrane and enhance sperm motility.n-6 PUFA is the main fatty acid in poultry sperm.It promotes spermatogenesis and improves the antioxidant capacity of sperm by promoting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone and prostaglandins (PG).n-3 PUFA affects the fatty acid composition of oocytes and embryos,regulates the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones,improves the antioxidant capacity and quality of oocytes and embryos,and reduces cell apoptosis and embryonic mortality.Eicosanotetraenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) synthesize corresponding PG,which regulate follicular development and ovulation in female birds.However,excessive PUFA deposition may cause fat deposition and induce cellular oxidative stress.At present,great progress has been made in the research of dietary PUFA on improving the performance of livestock and poultry,but the mechanism of PUFA regulating lipid metabolism and reproductive performance of poultry still needs further investigation.Based on the nutritional metabolism of PUFA in poultry,the authors reviewed the effects of n-3 PUFA,n-6 PUFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio on lipid metabolism and reproductive performance of poultry,in order to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of PUFA in the field of poultry nutrition and breeding.

Key words: polyunsaturated fatty acids; poultry; lipid metabolism; reproductive performance

中图分类号:

S816.7

梁铭其, 陈伟, 张亚男, 王爽, 郑春田. 多不饱和脂肪酸对家禽脂类代谢及繁殖性能调节作用的研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2023, 50(10): 4015-4024.

LIANG Mingqi, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Yanan, WANG Shuang, ZHENG Chuntian. Research Progress on Regulating Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism and Reproductive Performance of Poultry[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023, 50(10): 4015-4024.

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