水禽肠道微生物及其研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2022.03.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 动物的肠道内有复杂而动态的微生物生态系统，这些微生物通过促进营养摄取、宿主防御、免疫调节等，在维持机体健康方面起着至关重要的作用。菌落的结构组成因母体、饲粮、环境、生理状态变化及自身菌种间互作等因素而不同。水禽（鸭和鹅）属于卵生动物，与哺乳动物相比，其肠道的微生物系统具有特殊性。作者介绍了水禽肠道微生物的建立、肠段不同部位的微生物群结构组成特征及发育性变化，从肠道微生物对水禽生长性能、养分消化吸收的影响，以及与免疫系统的关系3个方面阐述了水禽肠道微生物的主要功能，同时通过饲粮组成、动物体生理状态、外界环境因素、微生物自身因素及互作等4个方面分析了影响水禽肠道微生物的多重因素，并对水禽肠道微生物今后的研究思路及发展方向进行了展望，以期为养殖中饲料配方设计、改善肠道健康、提高生产效益等提供理论依据，从而为从肠道微生物这一崭新靶点精准调控水禽的营养、免疫和生长过程，以及水禽肠道微生物的进一步深入研究提供借鉴。

关键词: 鸭; 鹅; 水禽; 肠道微生物; 短链脂肪酸; 饲料添加剂

Abstract: Animal intestinal tract has a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem, which plays a vital role in maintaining body health by promoting nutrient intake, host defense, immune regulation and so on.The structure and composition of colonies are different due to the changes of maternal body, diet, environment, physiological state and the interaction between different species.Waterfowls (including ducks and geese) are oviposition animals.Compared with mammals, its intestinal microbial system is special.In this paper, the establishment of intestinal microorganisms, the characteristics of microbial community structure and developmental changes in different parts of the intestine in waterfowl were introduced.The main functions of intestinal microorganisms in waterfowl were expounded from three aspects:The influence of intestinal microorganisms on the growth performance of waterfowl, the influence on nutrient digestion and absorption, and the relationship with the immune system.At the same time, the multiple factors affecting the intestinal microorganisms of waterfowl were analyzed from the four aspects of diet composition, physiological state of animals, external environmental factors, microbial factors and interactions, along with the prospect of future research ideas and development direction of gut microbes in waterfowl.In order to provide a theoretical basis for the design of feed formula, improving intestinal health and production efficiency in aquaculture, so as to accurately regulate the nutrition, immunity and growth process of waterfowl from the new target, intestinal microorganism, and support further in-depth study of intestinal microorganism of waterfowl.

Key words: ducks; geese; waterfowl; gut microbiota; short-chain fatty acid; feed additive

中图分类号:

S834
S835

罗世琪, 张秀文, 苏健宇, 陈龙海, 杨琳, 王文策. 水禽肠道微生物及其研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(3): 845-856.

LUO Shiqi, ZHANG Xiuwen, SU Jianyu, CHEN Longhai, YANG Lin, WANG Wence. Advances on Intestinal Microorganisms in Waterfowl[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(3): 845-856.

参考文献

[1] 朱春红, 陶志云, 刘宏祥, 等.鸭不同肠段内菌群结构分析与拟杆菌分布研究[J].畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(12):3001-3012. ZHU C H, TAO Z Y, LIU H X, et al.Analysis of microbiota structure and bacteroides distribution in different intestinal segments in duck[J].Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2020, 51(12):3001-3012.(in Chinese)
[2] 李卓阳.鸡蛋与蛋制品中沙门菌的流行病学调查及消减技术[D].扬州:扬州大学, 2019. LI Z Y.Epidemiological investigation and reduce technology of Salmonella in table eggs and egg products[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University, 2019.(in Chinese)
[3] 丁金梅.鸡肠道微生物区系的建立和传递特征研究[D].上海:上海交通大学, 2017. DING J M.Establishment and transmission of gut microbiota in chicken[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2017.(in Chinese)
[4] MATSUURA K, TAMURA T, KOBAYASHI N, et al.The antibacterial protein lysozyme identified as the termite egg recognition pheromone[J].PLoS One, 2007, 2(8):e813.
[5] 时学锋, 李文博, 李兴正, 等.品种、周龄龄、保存时间及保存条件对鸡蛋胶护膜品质的影响[J].中国家禽, 2018, 40(17):35-39. SHI X F, LI W B, LI X Z, et al.Effects of chicken breeds, age, storage time and storage conditions on the quality of egg cuticle[J].China Poultry, 2018, 40(17):35-39.(in Chinese)
[6] SAMIULLAH S, OMAR A S, ROBERTS J, et al.Effect of production system and flock age on eggshell and egg internal quality measurements[J].Poultry Science, 2017, 96(1):246-258.
[7] 周雪雁, 李琼毅, 丁功涛, 等.鸡肠道微生物菌群的建立发育、分布和生理学意义[J].微生物学报, 2020, 60(4):641-652. ZHOU X Y, LI Q Y, DING G T, et al.Establishment, distribution and physiological significance of the intestinal microbiota in chicken[J].Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2020, 60(4):641-652.(in Chinese)
[8] VAN DER WIELEN P W, KEUZENKAMP D A, LIPMAN L J, et al.Spatial and temporal variation of the intestinal bacterial community in commercially raised broiler chickens during growth[J].Microbial Ecology, 2002, 44(3):286-293.
[9] BEST A A, PORTER A L, FRALEY S M, et al.Characterization of gut microbiome dynamics in developing pekin ducks and impact of management system[J].Frontiers in Microbiology, 2016, 7:2125.
[10] VASAI F, BRUGIRARD RICAUD K, BERNADET M D, et al.Overfeeding and genetics affect the composition of intestinal microbiota in Anas platyrhynchos (Pekin) and Cairina moschata (Muscovy) ducks[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2014, 87(1):204-216.
[11] ZHU C, ZHU C H, SONG W T, et al.Analysis of microbial diversity and composition in small intestine during different development times in ducks[J].Poultry Science, 2020, 99(2):1096-1106.
[12] SEARS C L.A dynamic partnership.Celebrating our gut flora[J].Anaerobe, 2005, 11(5):247-251.
[13] YANG H, LYU W T, LU L Z, et al.Biogeography of microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of duck[J].Poultry Science, 2020, 99(8):4016-4027.
[14] ZHAO Y, LI K, LUO H Q, et al.Comparison of the intestinal microbial community in ducks reared differently through high-throughput sequencing[J].BioMed Research International, 2019, 2019:9015054.
[15] DAI S J, ZHANG K Y, DING X M, et al.Effect of dietary non-phytate phosphorus levels on the diversity and structure of cecal microbiota in meat duck from 1 to 21 d of age[J].Poultry Science, 2018, 97(7):2441-2450.
[16] 梁恒之, 王波, 尹达菲, 等.不同饲料转化率的北京鸭和枫叶鸭消化器官发育及盲肠微生物菌群的比较研究[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2013, 49(19):42-46. LIANG H Z, WANG B, YIN D F, et al.Comparisons of digestive organs development and cecal microflora between Pekin duck and Maple Leaf duck with different feed conversion efficiency[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 49(19):42-46.(in Chinese)
[17] 刘蓓一.扬州鹅肠道微生物多样性及其受饲粮纤维水平的调控研究[D].扬州:扬州大学, 2012. LIU B Y.Molecular diversity of microoanisms in the gut of Yangzhou geese and its consequences of dietary fiber level variety[J].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University, 2012.(in Chinese)
[18] LIU G, LUO X, ZHAO X, et al.Gut microbiota correlates with fiber and apparent nutrients digestion in goose[J].Poultry Science, 2018, 97(11):3899-3909.
[19] GAO G, ZHAO X, LI Q, et al.Genome and metagenome analyses reveal adaptive evolution of the host and interaction with the gut microbiota in the goose[J].Scientific Reports, 2016, 6:32961.
[20] 万雨.江南白鹅早期生长发育规律的分析研究[D].扬州:扬州大学, 2021. WAN Y.Study of the early growth and development of Jiangnan White geese[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University, 2021.(in Chinese)
[21] 钟航, 刘作兰, 王启贵, 等.四川白鹅不同肠段菌群多样性比较研究[J].中国家禽, 2019, 41(8):29-33. ZHONG H, LIU Z L, WANG Q G, et al.Comparative study of bacteria diversity of different intestinal segments in Sichuan White goose[J].China Poultry, 2019, 41(8):29-33.(in Chinese)
[22] 徐敏娟.鹅肠道细菌多样性的分子生态学初步研究[D].扬州:扬州大学, 2008. XU M J.Basic study on diversity of bacterial community of intestinal tract in goose[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University, 2008.(in Chinese)
[23] YANG H, XIAO Y, GUI G, et al.Microbial community and short-chain fatty acid profile in gastrointestinal tract of goose[J].Poultry Science, 2018, 97(4):1420-1428.
[24] 李曼曼, 丁雪东, 贺濛初, 等.饲喂高蛋白饲粮对雏鹅盲肠微生物菌群的影响[J].华南农业大学学报, 2019, 40(3):6-13. LI M M, DING X D, HE M C, et al.Effects of feeding high-protein diets on cecal microflora of goslings[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2019, 40(3):6-13.(in Chinese)
[25] 姚学彬.马岗鹅不同繁殖期的内分泌调控及肠道微生物群落特征[D].广州:仲恺农业工程学院, 2018. YAO X B.Endocrine regulation and characteristics of intestinal microbial community in Magang goose at different reproduction stages[D].Guangzhou:Zhongkai College of Agricultural Engineering, 2018.(in Chinese)
[26] 陶大鹏.日粮纤维水平对吉林白鹅生长发育及其盲肠微生物多样性的影响[D].吉林:吉林农业大学, 2018. TAO D P.Effects of dietary fiber levels on the growth and caecum microbial diversity of Jilin goose[D].Jilin:Jilin Agricultural University, 2018.(in Chinese)
[27] 陶志云, 朱春红, 施祖灏, 等.鸭疫里默氏菌感染对鸭肠道菌群结构的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医, 2021, 48(6):2129-2139. TAO Z Y, ZHU C H, SHI Z H, et al.Effect of Riemerella anatipestifer infection on the microflora of ducks[J].China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2021, 48(6):2129-2139.(in Chinese)
[28] 陈珍珍.饲料中添加木质纤维素对樱桃谷鸭肠道结构与功能、肠道微生物区系以及生长性能的影响[D].扬州:扬州大学, 2021. CHEN Z Z.Effects of dietary supplementation with lignocellulose on intestinal structure and function, intestinal microflora and growth performance of Cherry Valley ducks[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University, 2021.(in Chinese)
[29] 杨博.不同光照时间对蛋鸭产蛋性能、免疫力及肠道微生物的影响[D].广州:仲恺农业工程学院, 2018. YANG B.Effects of different photo period on laying performance, immunity and intestinal microbes in duck[D].Guangzhou:Zhongkai College of Agricultural Engineering, 2018.(in Chinese)
[30] STEVENS C E, HUME I D.Contributions of microbes in vertebrate gastrointestinal tract to production and conservation of nutrients[J].Physiological Reviews, 1998, 78(2):393-427.
[31] LEE F J, RUSCH D B, STEWART F J, et al.Saccharide breakdown and fermentation by the honey bee gut microbiome[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2015, 17(3):796-815.
[32] LAVIAD-SHITRIT S, IZHAKI I, LALZAR M, et al.Comparative analysis of intestine microbiota of four wild waterbird species[J].Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019, 10:1911.
[33] LILJA C.A comparative study of postnatal growth and organ development in some species of birds[J].Growth, 1983, 47(4):317-339.
[34] GRAHAM J A, KETTUNEN A H.Characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbial communities, with special reference to the chicken[J].World's Poultry Science Journal, 2004, 60:223-232.
[35] TAO Z, XU W, ZHU C, et al.Effects of ammonia on intestinal microflora and productive performance of laying ducks[J].Poultry Science, 2019, 98(5):1947-1959.
[36] YAN J, ZHOU B, XI Y, et al.Fermented feed regulates growth performance and the cecal microbiota community in geese[J].Poultry Science, 2019, 98(10):4673-4684.
[37] RUIZ-RODRIGUEZ M, VALDIVIA E, SOLER J J, et al.Symbiotic bacteria living in the hoopoe's uropygial gland prevent feather degradation[J].Journal of Experimental Biology, 2009, 212(22):3621-3626.
[38] LECOMTE V, KAAKOUSH N O, MALONEY C A, et al.Changes in gut microbiota in rats fed a high fat diet correlate with obesity-associated metabolic parameters[J].PLoS One, 2015, 10(5):e0126931.
[39] KIM J K, NEGOVETICH N J, FORREST H L, et al.Ducks:The "Trojan horses" of H5N1 influenza[J].Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2009, 3(4):121-128.
[40] 胡亚芳.肠道微生物通过调节脂肪代谢影响鸡生长性能的机理研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学, 2019. HU Y F.Study on the mechanism of the gut microbiota affects growth performance in chicken by regulating fat metabolism[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2019.(in Chinese)
[41] LI X, ZHENG Z, PAN J, et al.Influences of melatonin and endotoxin lipopolysaccharide on goose productive performance and gut microbiota[J].Poultry Science, 2020, 61(2):217-224.
[42] OHIRA H, TSUTSUI W, FUJIOKA Y.Are short chain fatty acids in gut microbiota defensive players for inflammation and atherosclerosis?[J].Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 2017, 24(7):660-672.
[43] XIANG X J, JIN L L, YANG Z Q, et al.Dramatic shifts in intestinal fungal community between wintering hooded crane and domestic goose[J].Avian Research, 2021.DOI:10.1186/s40657-020-00238-1.
[44] 王志敬, 郑会龙, 杨慧山, 等.鹅肠道微生物研究进展[J].中国草食动物科学, 2021, 41(2):55-58. WANG Z J, ZHENG H L, YANG H S, et al.Advances in goose gut microbes[J].China Herbivore Science, 2021, 41(2):55-58.(in Chinese)
[45] GUO B, LI D, ZHOU B, et al.Comparative characterization of bacterial communities in geese consuming of different proportions of ryegrass[J].PLoS One, 2019, 14(10):e0223445.
[46] RICAUD K, EVEN M, LAVIGNE F, et al.Evolution of intestinal microbiota and body compartments during spontaneous hyperphagia in the Greylag goose[J].Poultry Science, 2019, 98(3):1390-1402.
[47] WEI R, HAN C, DENG D, et al.Research progress into the physiological changes in metabolic pathways in waterfowl with hepatic steatosis[J].Poultry Science, 2021, 62(1):118-124.
[48] LIU L, ZHAO X, WANG Q, et al.Prosteatotic and protective components in a unique model of fatty liver:Gut microbiota and suppressed complement system[J].Scientific Reports, 2016, 6:31763.
[49] 赵佳伟, 袁杰彬, 安明哲, 等.黄酮类化合物对肠道微生物的影响及其机制研究进展[J].酿酒科技, 2021, 4:89-95. ZHAO J W, YUAN J B, AN M Z, et al.Research progress in effect and mechanism of flavonoids on intestinal microorganisms[J].Winemaking Technology, 2021, 4, 89-95.(in Chinese)
[50] QIN S, ZHANG K, APPLEGATE T J, et al.Dietary administration of resistant starch improved caecal barrier function by enhancing intestinal morphology and modulating microbiota composition in meat duck[J].British Journal of Nutrition, 2020, 123(2):172-181.
[51] 王可鑫, 姜宁, 张爱忠.短链脂肪酸介导的宿主肠道免疫调控机制[J].动物营养学报, 2020, 32(4):1544-1550. WANG K X, JIANG N, ZHANG A Z.Host intestinal immune regulation mechanism mediated by short-chain fatty acids[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(4):1544-1550.(in Chinese)
[52] GRACZYK T K, MAJEWSKA A C, SCHWAB K J.The role of birds in dissemination of human waterborne enteropathogens[J].Trends in Parasitology, 2008, 24(2):55-59.
[53] PALAMIDI I, MOUNTZOURIS K C.Diet supplementation with an organic acids-based formulation affects gut microbiota and expression of gut barrier genes in broilers[J].Animal Nutrition, 2018, 4(4):367-377.
[54] 吴耀棠, 刘宏梽.微生物群及饲粮对家禽肠道健康的影响[J].养禽与禽病防治, 2020, 9, 40-43. WU Y T, LIU H Z.Effects of microbial community and diet on intestinal health of poultry[J].Poultry Feeding and Disease Prevention, 2020, 9:40-43.(in Chinese)
[55] 李曼曼, 丁雪东, 贺濛初, 等.饲喂高蛋白饲粮对雏鹅盲肠微生物菌群的影响[J].华南农业大学学报, 2019, 40(3):6-13. LI M M, DING X D, HE M C, et al.Effects of feeding high-protein diets on cecal microflora of goslings[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2019, 40(3):6-13.(in Chinese)
[56] 赵凤至.饲粮中果胶对仔鹅生产性能、养分利用率及肠道微生物区系的影响[J].扬州:扬州大学, 2018. ZHAO F Z.Effects of pectin in the diet on production performance, nutrient utilization and intestinal microflora in geese[J].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University, 2018.(in Chinese)
[57] 胡守奎, 徐建国.螺杆菌属及其致病性研究[J].疾病监测, 2014, 29(4):321-326. HU S K, XU J G.Research of Helicobacter spp.and its pathogenicity[J].Disease Surveillance, 2014, 29(4):321-326.(in Chinese)
[58] 刘淑玲, 范鹏程.禽肉毒梭菌毒素中毒的分析、诊断和防治方案[J].现代畜牧科技, 2020, 8:158. LIU S L, FAN P C.Analysis, diagnosis and prevention of Clostridium botulinum toxin poisoning in poultry[J].Modern Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, 2020, 8:158.(in Chinese)
[59] WANG W, ZHAI S, XIA Y, et al.Ochratoxin a induces liver inflammation:Involvement of intestinal microbiota[J].Microbiome, 2019, 7(1):151.
[60] KAWASAKI K, NISHIO A, NAKAMURA H, et al.Helicobacter felis-induced gastritis was suppressed in mice overexpressing thioredoxin-1[J].Laboratory Investigation, 2005, 85(9):1104-1117.
[61] HARTMANN N, KRONENBERG M.Cancer immunity thwarted by the microbiome[J].Science, 2018, 360(6391):858-859.
[62] 张桂山, 崔秀艳, 徐晶, 等.温度和pH对鹅肠道细菌纤维素酶活力的影响[J].吉林农业科学, 2008, 1, 54-55. ZHANG G S, CUI X Y, XU J, et al.Effect of temperature and pH on activity of bacterial cellulose from geese intestinal tract[J].Jilin Agricultural Science, 2008 1:54-55.(in Chinese)
[63] 李刚, 杨立中, 欧阳峰.厌氧消化过程控制因素及pH和Eh的影响分析[J].西南交通大学学报, 2001, 5:518-521. LI G, YANG L Z, OUYANG F.Control factors of anaerobic digestion and effects of pH and Eh[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2001, 5:518-521.(in Chinese)
[64] 赵悦.饲粮添加壳聚糖对仔鹅生产性能、肠道微生物组成的影响[D].扬州:扬州大学, 2018. ZHAO Y.Effects of chitosan in the diet on production performance, intestinal microbial composition of geese[J].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University, 2018.(in Chinese)
[65] KASIANENKO O I.Application of mannan oligosaccaharides (Alltech Inc.) in waterfowl:Optimal dose and effectiveness[J].Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2020, 6:12.
[66] SAWIN E A, DE WOLFE T J, AKTAS B, et al.Glycomacropeptide is a prebiotic that reduces Desulfovibrio bacteria, increases cecal short-chain fatty acids, and is anti-inflammatory in mice[J].The American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 2015, 309(7):G590-G601.
[67] MANI-LOPEZ E, GARCIA H S, LOPEZ-MALO A.Organic acids as antimicrobials to control Salmonella in meat and poultry products[J].Food Research International, 2012, 45(2):713-721.
[68] TASCHUK R, GRIEBEL P J.Commensal microbiome effects on mucosal immune system development in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract[J].Animal Health Research Reviews, 2012, 13(1):129-141.
[69] 朱道仙, 吴植, 陆江, 等.痛风雏鹅肠道菌群通过TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路促进肾损伤的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报, 2021, 52(2):543-552. ZHU D X, WU Z, LU J, et al.Bacteria of gout goslings promoted kidney injury through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway[J].Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2021, 52(2):543-552.(in Chinese)
[70] LI X, ZHENG Z, PAN J, et al.Impacts of colored light-emitting diode illumination on the growth performance and fecal microbiota in goose[J].Poultry Science, 2020, 99(4):1805-1812.
[71] ZHAO Y, LI X, SUN S, et al.Protective role of dryland rearing on netting floors against mortality through gut microbiota-associated immune performance in Shaoxing ducks[J].Poultry Science, 2019, 98(10):4530-4538.
[72] KAN R H A R.巢湖鸭与番鸭产肉性能、脂代谢相关基因表达及肠道菌群结构差异的研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学, 2019. KAN R H A R.The effects of different rearing conditions and adding probiotics on gut microbiota and physiological and biochemical indexes in Laying ducks[D].Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University, 2019.(in Chinese)
[73] 朱春红, 徐文娟, 陶志云, 等.笼养对高邮鸭屠宰性能及肠道菌群的影响[J].农业生物技术学报, 2020, 28(12):2200-2208. ZHU C H, XU W J, TAO Z Y, et al.Effects of rearing in cages on slaughter performance and intestinal microbiota of Gaoyou duck (Anas platyrhynchos)[J].Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2020, 28 (12):2200-2208.(in Chinese)
[74] 王姝妹.不同养殖方式及添加益生菌对蛋鸭肠道微生物及其各项生理生化指标的影响[D].金华:浙江师范大学, 2018. WANG S M.The Effects of different rearing conditions and adding probiotics on gut microbiota and physiological and biochemical indexes of laying ducks[D].Jinhua:Zhejiang Normal University, 2018.(in Chinese)
[75] DOLEJSKA M, CIZEK A, LITERAK I.High prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant genes and integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from Black-headed gulls in the Czech Republic[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2007, 103(1):11-19.
[76] ADEGUNLOYE D V, ADEJUMO F A.Microbial assessment of turkey (Meleagris ocellata) and duck (Anas platyrhynchos) faeces (Droppings) in Akure Metropolis[J].Advances in Microbiology, 2014, 4(12):774-779.
[77] FOGARTY L R.Abundance and characteristics of the recreational water quality indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci in gull faeces[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2003, 94:865-878.
[78] HUSSEIN H.Campylobacter in waterfowl and aquatic environments:Incidence and methods of detection[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(23):7122-7131.
[79] EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION, CONTROL, EUROPEAN UNION REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR AVIAN INFLUENZA.Avian influenza overview August-December 2020[J].EFSA Journal, 2020, 18(12):e06379.
[80] EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY, EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION, CONTROL.Avian influenza overview December 2020-February 2021[J].EFSA Journal, 2021, 19(3):e06497.
[81] KUIKEN T.Is low pathogenic avian influenza virus virulent for wild waterbirds?[J].Proceedings.Biological Sciences, 2013, 280(1763):20130990.
[82] 陈飞洋.肉鸡感染H9N2 AIV继发大肠杆菌的机制研究[D].广州:华南农业大学, 2017. CHEN F Y.The mechanism research of poultry infected with H9N2 AIV secondary Escherichia coli[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University, 2017.(in Chinese)
[83] MOON C D, YOUNG W, MACLEAN P H., et al.Metagenomic insights into the roles of Proteobacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats[J].Microbiologyopen, 2018, 7(5):e677.
[84] 胡振华, 杨永平, 杨宇, 等.枯草芽孢杆菌对樱桃谷肉鸭生长性能、免疫器官指数_肠道菌群及肠道形态的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2018, 30(4):1504-1512. HU Z H, YANG Y P, YANG Y, et al.Effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, immune organ index intestinal flora and intestinal morphology of Cherry Valley ducks[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2018, 30(4):1504-1512.(in Chinese)