兽药环境风险评估研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2020.05.038

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着畜禽集约化养殖数量增加，兽药被广泛用于治疗疾病或作为促生长剂添加到动物饲料中，中国2010-2017年兽用抗菌药的销售量从31 500 t增长到56 800 t。兽药的不合理使用、畜禽养殖过程中废弃物处理不当以及药物经过动物机体代谢后以原形药或代谢物随粪尿排出体外是兽药造成环境污染的主要原因。兽药进入环境后发生迁移转化造成了严重危害，包括抗生素耐药菌或耐药基因的产生、兽药在动植物源性食品和饮用水中的暴露间接影响人类健康、对非靶标动物的生态毒性等。作者就兽药在环境中的暴露、转归及对生态环境的主要影响进行了论述，并对药物的环境风险评估的重要性进行了阐述，针对降低兽药环境风险的措施提出了建议，以引起人们对兽药环境风险评估的关注和重视。

关键词: 兽药; 生态环境; 暴露评估; 效应评估

Abstract: With the extending of the livestock and poultry farming,veterinary drugs are widely used to treat diseases or as growth promoters.From 2010 to 2017,the sales of veterinary antibacterial drugs increased from 31 500 to 56 800 t.The irrational application of veterinary drugs,improper handling of wastes in livestock and poultry breeding,and the excretion of unchanged or metabolites of veterinary antibiotics are the main reasons of environmental pollution caused by veterinary drugs.After entering the environment,the migration and transformation of veterinary drugs has caused serious harms,including the emergence of resistant bacteria or antimicrobial-resistant genes,and the exposure of veterinary drugs in plants and animals’ products as well as drinking water,which indirectly affect human health and the ecological toxicity of non-target animals.The paper discussed the processes of environmental exposure,fate and the impacts on the ecological environment of veterinary drugs.Then the importance of environmental risk assessment of veterinary drugs was analyzed.Finally,the potential ways to find measures and solve the environmental exposure risks of veterinary drugs were prospected.This review will help to attract people's attention to environmental risk assessment of veterinary drugs.

Key words: veterinary drugs; ecological environment; exposure assessment; effect assessment

中图分类号:

S859.796

马文瑾, 徐向月, 安博宇, 程古月, 黄玲利. 兽药环境风险评估研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2020, 47(5): 1628-1636.

MA Wenjin, XU Xiangyue, AN Boyu, CHENG Guyue, HUANG Lingli. Research Progress on Environmental Risk Assessment of Veterinary Drugs[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2020, 47(5): 1628-1636.

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