β-葡聚糖的生物学功能及在水产养殖中的应用

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2022.12.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： β-葡聚糖来源广泛，主要存在于植物和微生物细胞壁中，由葡聚糖单体构成，具有多种结构，因其侧链残基种类和数量的不同而具有多种生物学功能，如通过降低炎症相关基因表达及提高免疫因子的表达发挥调节免疫的作用；通过减少脂质的产生和吸收发挥调节脂质代谢的作用；通过提高抗氧化酶、自由基、超氧阴离子的清除活性及激活Nrf2信号通路、上调抗氧化基因的表达来增强机体的抗氧化能力，发挥抗氧化作用；通过增强缺氧耐受性及提高抗氨氮应激能力、能量代谢和抗氧化酶基因的表达等发挥抗应激作用。自抗生素禁用以来，β-葡聚糖在水产动物中的研究和应用逐渐深入，β-葡聚糖在预防水产动物疾病和减少抗生素使用等方面发挥着重要作用。在水产养殖中，β-葡聚糖可通过提高消化酶活性、改善肠道结构、优化肠道菌群及增强非特异性免疫力来提高水产动物生长性能，β-葡聚糖的联合使用比添加单一种类的免疫刺激剂具有更好的免疫效果。作者就β-葡聚糖的结构特征、生物学活性、作用机制及在水产动物中的应用进行了综述，并对β-葡聚糖今后的发展方向进行了展望，为实现水产动物生态健康养殖提供材料。

关键词: β-葡聚糖; 水产动物; 营养; 免疫; 抗氧化

Abstract: β-glucan comes from a wide range of sources, it mainly exists in plant and microbial cell walls and is composed of glucan monomers.β-glucan has a variety of structures, which has a variety of biological functions due to the variety and number of side chain residues.β-glucan can regulate immunity by reducing the expression of inflammation related genes and increasing the expression of immune factors, it plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism by reducing the production and absorption of lipids. By improving the scavenging activity of antioxidant enzymes, free radicals and superoxide anions, activating Nrf2 signaling pathway and up-regulating the expression of antioxidant genes, β-glucan can enhance the antioxidant capacity of the body and play the role of antioxidant.β-glucan can enhance the hypoxia tolerance, improve the ability to resist ammonia nitrogen stress, energy metabolism and the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes, and play an anti-stress effect.Since the prohibition of antibiotics, the research and application of β-glucan in aquatic animals have been gradually deepened, and β-glucan plays an important role in preventing aquatic animal diseases and reducing the use of antibiotics.In aquaculture, β-glucan can improve the growth performance of aquatic animals by increasing digestive enzyme activity, improving intestinal structure, optimizing intestinal flora and enhancing non-specific immunity.The combination of β-glucan has a better immune effect than the addition of a single type of immune stimulant.In this paper, the structural characteristics, biological activities, mechanism of action and application effects of β-glucan in aquatic animals were summarized, and the future development direction of β-glucan was prospected, which provides materials for realizing the ecological and healthy aquaculture of aquatic animals.

Key words: β-glucan; aquatic animals; nutrition; immune; antioxidant

中图分类号:

S963.3⁺1

侯冬强, 赵红霞, 彭凯, 曹俊明. β-葡聚糖的生物学功能及在水产养殖中的应用[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(12): 4625-4634.

HOU Dongqiang, ZHAO Hongxia, PENG Kai, CAO Junming. Biological Function of β-glucan and Its Application in Aquaculture[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(12): 4625-4634.

参考文献

[1] 许冰莹, 邵庆均.β-葡聚糖对鱼类免疫调节作用的研究进展[J].动物营养学报, 2019, 31(7):2971-2980. XU B Y, SHAO Q J.Research progress in immune regulation effect of β-glucans on fish[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(7):2971-2980.(in Chinese)
[2] 赵璐宇, 方洛云, 蒋林树, 等.β-葡聚糖的生物学功能及在反刍动物饲养中的应用[J].动物营养学报, 2020, 32(5):2003-2009. ZHAO L Y, FANG L Y, JIANG L S, et al.Biological functions of β-glucan and its application in ruminant feeding[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(5):2003-2009.(in Chinese)
[3] MURPHY E J, REZOAGLI E, MAJOR I, et al.β-glucan metabolic and immunomodulatory properties and potential for clinical application[J].Journal of Fungi, 2020, 6(4):356.
[4] 陈昌福, 陈萱, 陈超然, 等.β-葡聚糖的特性及其对动物免疫功能的调节[J].华中农业大学学报, 2003, 22(1):95-100. CHEN C F, CHEN X, CHEN C R, et al.Characteristics of β-glucan and its regulation on animal immune function[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2003, 22(1):95-100.(in Chinese)
[5] WANG Q, SHENG X, SHI A, et al.β-glucans:Relationships between modification, conformation and functional activities[J].Molecules, 2017, 22(2):257.
[6] 金山.燕麦中主要功能成分的研究现状[J].中国科技信息, 2010, 9:114-115. JIN S.Research status of main functional components in oat[J].China Science and Technology Information, 2010, 9:114-115.(in Chinese)
[7] 易建华, 杨凡, 聂琴, 等.酵母细胞壁中β-葡聚糖在水产养殖中的研究进展[J].中国饲料, 2016, 14:41-44. YI J H, YANG F, NIE Q, et al.Research progress of β-glucan in yeast cell wall in aquaculture[J].China Feed, 2016, 14:41-44.(in Chinese)
[8] LIU Y, WU Q, WU X, et al.Structure, preparation, modification, and bioactivities of β-glucan and mannan from yeast cell wall:A review[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021, 173:445-456.
[9] GU M, PAN S, LI Q, et al.Evaluation and compare of yeast β-glucan and carboxymethylglucan to improve the immunity and gut health of turbot fed diet containing 400 g/kg of soybean meal[J].Aquaculture Reports, 2021, 21:100882.
[10] JAMI M J, ABEDIAN K A, PAKNEJAD H, et al.Effects of dietary b-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide, lactobacillus plantarum and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and immune related gene expression of Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius (Kessler, 1877)[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2019, 91:202-208.
[11] FÉLIX D M, JACINTO E C, CÓRDOVA Á I C, et al.Physiological and antioxidant response of Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection after feeding supplemented diets containing Dunaliella sp.flour and β-glucans[J].Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2022, 187:107702.
[12] 纪利芹, 孙国祥, 王艺, 等.β-葡聚糖对杀鲑气单胞菌感染后虹鳟应激过程的调节作用[J].中国水产科学, 2018, 25(1):178-188. JI L Q, SUN G X, WANG Y, et al.Regulation of β-glucan on stress process of rainbow trout infected with Aeromonas salmonicense[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2018, 25(1):178-188.(in Chinese)
[13] REGLA M M, MARÍA D M O, LUIS M, et al.Beta-glucan enhances the response to SVCV infection in zebrafish[J].Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2018, 84:307-314.
[14] ÁLVAREZ-RODRÍGUEZ M, PEREIRO P, REYES-LÓPEZ F E, et al.Analysis of the long-lived responses induced by immunostimulants and their effects on a viral infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio)[J].Frontiers in Immunology, 2018, 9:1575.
[15] KRISHNAN R, JANG Y, OH M.Beta glucan induced immune priming protects against nervous necrosis virus infection in sevenband grouper[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2022, 121:163-171.
[16] PERVEEN S, YANG L, ZHOU S, et al.β-1, 3-glucan from Euglena gracilis as an immunostimulant mediates the antiparasitic effect against Mesanophrys sp.on hemocytes in marine swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2021, 114:28-35.
[17] DAWOOD M A O, ABDO S E, GEWAILY M S, et al.The influence of dietary β-glucan on immune, transcriptomic, inflammatory and histopathology disorders caused by deltamethrin toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2020, 98:301-311.
[18] CAO H, YU R, ZHANG Y, et al.Effects of dietary supplementation with β-glucan and bacillus subtilis on growth, fillet quality, immune capacity, and antioxidant status of Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var.Pengze)[J].Aquaculture, 2019, 508:106-112.
[19] LI H, XU C, ZHOU L, et al.Beneficial effects of dietary β-glucan on growth and health status of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2019, 91:315-324.
[20] 梁志凌, 马艳平, 冯国清, 等.β-葡聚糖对黄沙鳖生长性能、免疫及抗氧化指标的影响[J].广东农业科学, 2019, 46(4):95-100. LIANG Z L, MA Y P, FENG G Q, et al.Effects of β-glucan on growth performance, immune and antioxidant indices of Trionyx sinensis[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2019, 46(4):95-100.(in Chinese)
[21] AKHTAR M S, TRIPATHI P H, PANDEY A, et al.β-glucan modulates non-specific immune gene expression, thermal tolerance and elicits disease resistance in endangered Tor putitora fry challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2021, 119:154-162.
[22] 陈俭, 代冰涛, 王红明, 等.饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长性能、免疫指标、转录组及肠道菌群的影响[J].南方农业学报, 2022, 53(5):1434-1447. CHEN J, DAI B T, WANG H M, et al.Effects of adding β-glucan to feed on the growth performance, immune indexes, transcriptome and intestinal flora of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2022, 53(5):1434-1447.(in Chinese)
[23] CHEN J, LEI Y, DONG Z, et al.Toxicological damages on copper exposure to IgM⁺ B cells of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and mitigation of its adverse effects by β-glucan administration[J].Toxicology in Vitro, 2022, 81:105334.
[24] 汪蕾, 张秀霞, 王冬梅, 等.β-1, 3-葡聚糖对红螯螯虾血细胞的免疫刺激作用[J].南方农业学报, 2019, 50(4):883-890. WANG L, ZHANG X X, WANG D M, et al.Immune stimulation effect of β-1, 3-glucan on blood cells of red crayfish[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture, 2019, 50(4):883-890.(in Chinese)
[25] KOCH J F A, DE OLIVEIRA C A F, ZANUZZO F S.Dietary β-glucan (MacroGard^®) improves innate immune responses and disease resistance in Nile tilapia regardless of the administration period[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2021, 112:56-63.
[26] SHITULENI A S, FANG G, SONIA A N, et al.Effects of yeast polysaccharide on biochemical indices, antioxidant status, histopathological lesions and genetic expressions related with lipid metabolism in mice fed with high fat diet[J].Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, 2016, 8(2):51-57.
[27] BELL S, GOLDMAN V M, BISTRIAN B R, et al.Effect of beta-glucan from oats and yeast on serum lipids[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1999, 39(2):189-202.
[28] LOPES L M F, MELLO M M M D, URBINATI E C.β-glucan reduces cortisol plasma levels, enhances innate immune system after A.hydrophila inoculation, and has lipolytic effects on the pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)[J].Aquaculture, 2022, 546:737411.
[29] ZHAO H X, CAO J M, WANG A, et al.Effect of long-term administration of dietary β-1, 3-glucan on growth, physiological, and immune responses in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)[J].Aquaculture International, 2012, 20(1):145-158.
[30] YANG G, QIU H, YU R, et al.Dietary supplementation of β-glucan, inulin and emodin modulates antioxidant response and suppresses intestinal inflammation of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2021, 272:114789.
[31] 吴春玉, 曹俊明, 黄燕华, 等.饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对花鲈生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标和抗氨氮应激能力的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2013, 25(12):3033-3040. WU C Y, CAO J M, HUANG Y H, et al.Effects of β-glucan supplementation on growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indices and resistance to ammonia nitrogen stress of seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus)[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2013, 25(12):3033-3040.(in Chinese)
[32] SOUZA F P D, LIMA E C S D, PANDOLFI V C F, et al.Effect of β-glucan in water on growth performance, blood status and intestinal microbiota in tilapia under hypoxia[J].Aquaculture Reports, 2020, 17:100369.
[33] 曹俊明, 赵红霞, 黄燕华, 等.β-葡聚糖及其在水生动物中的应用研究[J].饲料工业, 2013, 34(18):1-6. CAO J M, ZHAO H X, HUANG Y H, et al.β-glucan and its application in aquatic animals[J]. Feed Industry, 2013, 34(18):1-6.(in Chinese)
[34] LIU Y, HUANG G.The derivatization and antioxidant activities of yeast mannan[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018, 107(PtA):755-761.
[35] 王万良, 周建设, 陈美群, 等.β-葡聚糖对亚东鲑幼鱼生长、肠道消化酶活性及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响[J].西南农业学报, 2021, 34(3):673-678. WANG W L, ZHOU J S, CHEN M Q, et al.Effects of β-glucan on growth, intestinal digestive enzyme activities and liver antioxidant capacity of juvenile Asian salmon[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 34(3):673-678.(in Chinese)
[36] 王永红, 张建设, 曾霖.β-葡聚糖对低氧胁迫下大黄鱼幼鱼的保护作用及其机理[J].水产学报, 2018, 42(6):828-837. WANG Y H, ZHANG J S, ZENG L.Protective effect and mechanism of β-glucan on juvenile Large Yellow cropfish under hypoxic stress[J].Journal of Fisheries of China, 2018, 42(6):828-837.(in Chinese)
[37] ZHU M, WU S.The growth performance and nonspecific immunity of loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus as affected by dietary β-1, 3-glucan[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2018, 83:368-372.
[38] BAGNI M, ROMANO N, FINOIA M G, et al.Short- and long-term effects of a dietary yeast β-glucan (macrogard) and alginic acid (ergosan) preparation on immune response in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2005, 18(4):311-325.
[39] DAWOOD M A O, KOSHIO S, ISHIKAWA M, et al.Physiological response, blood chemistry profile and mucus secretion of red sea bream (Pagrus major) fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus under low salinity stress[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2017, 43(1):179-192.
[40] 陈靖雯, 郭道远, 赵冰, 等.饲料β-葡聚糖和灭活乳酸菌的添加对泥鳅幼鱼生长性能、肠脂肪酸组成及免疫性能的影响[J].水生生物学报, 2019, 43(1):52-59. CHEN J W, GUO D Y, ZHAO B, et al.Effects of dietary β-glucan and inactivated lactic acid bacteria on growth performance, intestinal fatty acid composition and immune performance of juvenile loach[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2019, 43(1):52-59.(in Chinese)
[41] 赵红霞, 陈冰, 莫文艳, 等.饲料添加β-1, 3-葡聚糖对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、血清代谢、免疫相关基因表达和抗亚硝酸氮应激能力的影响[J].水生生物学报, 2021, 45(3):593-600. ZHAO H X, CHEN B, MO W Y, et al.Effects of dietary β-1, 3-glucan on growth performance, serum metabolism, immune-related gene expression and resistance to nitrite nitrogen stress in Litopenaeus vannamei[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2021, 45(3):593-600.(in Chinese)
[42] DIVYA M, GOPI N, ISWARYA A, et al.β-glucan extracted from eukaryotic single-celled microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae:Dietary supplementation and enhanced ammonia stress tolerance on Oreochromis mossambicus[J].Microbial Pathogenesis, 2020, 139:103917.
[43] 王艺, 纪利芹, 孙国祥, 等.饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对虹鳟部分生长指标和血液生理指标的影响[J].渔业科学进展, 2018, 39(3):65-71. WANG Y, JI L Q, SUN G X, et al.Effects of dietary β-glucan on partial growth indices and blood physiological indices of Rainbow trout[J].Advances in Fishery Science, 2018, 39(3):65-71.(in Chinese)
[44] 孙纪伟, 齐遵利.β-葡聚糖对江黄颡鱼生长性能、血清生化指标的影响[J].河北渔业, 2017, 3:1-4. SUN J W, QI Z L.Effects of β-glucan on growth performance and serum biochemical indices of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[J].Hebei Fisheries, 2017, 3:1-4.(in Chinese)
[45] KHANJANI M H, GHAEDI G, SHARIFINIA M.Effects of diets containing β-glucan on survival, growth performance, haematological, immunity and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings[J].Aquaculture Research, 2022, 53(5):1842-1850.
[46] JI L, FU S, JI R, et al.β-glucan mitigated trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced enteritis in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Aquaculture, 2019, 513:734393.
[47] 李永娟, 王卫民, 黄燕华, 等.饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及抗嗜水气单胞菌感染能力的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2015, 27(12):3754-3762. LI Y J, WANG W M, HUANG Y H, et al.Effects of β-glucan supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemical indices and resistance to aeromonas hydrophila infection of juvenile Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2015, 27(12):3754-3762.(in Chinese)
[48] PILARSKI F, FERREIRA D O C, DARPOSSOLO D S F, et al.Different beta-glucans improve the growth performance and bacterial resistance in Nile tilapia[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2017, 70:25-29.
[49] BOOMAN M, FORSTER I, VEDERAS J C, et al.Soybean meal-induced enteritis in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) but not in pink salmon (O.gorbuscha)[J].Aquaculture, 2018, 483:238-243.
[50] CHEN Z, LIN S, JIANG Y, et al.Effects of bread yeast cell wall beta-glucans on mice with loperamide-induced constipation[J].Journal of Medicinal Food, 2019, 22(10):1009-1021.
[51] BERNAL M G, MARRERO R M, CAMPA-CÓRDOVA Á I, et al.Probiotic effect of streptomyces strains alone or in combination with Bacillus and Lactobacillus in juveniles of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei[J].Aquaculture International, 2017, 25(2):927-939.
[52] 曹竑, 王爱国, 刘根娣.复合添加剂及其应用[A].第八届中国国际食品添加剂和配料展览会暨第十一届全国食品添加剂生产应用技术展示会[C].2004. CAO H, WANG A G, LIU G D.Compound additives and their application[A].The 8th China International Food Additives and Ingredients Exhibition and the 11th National Food Additives Production and Application Technology Exhibition[C].2004.(in Chinese)
[53] MIAO S, HAN B, ZHAO C, et al.Effects of dietary Pediococcus acidilactici GY2 single or combined with saccharomyces cerevisiae or/and β-glucan on the growth, innate immunity response and disease resistance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2020, 98:68-76.
[54] DIMITROGLOU A, MERRIFIELD D L, SPRING P, et al.Effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on growth performance, feed utilisation, intestinal histology and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)[J].Aquaculture, 2010, 300(1-4):182-188.
[55] CHIU C, GUU Y, LIU C, et al.Immune responses and gene expression in white shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei, induced by Lactobacillus plantarum[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2007, 23(2):364-377.
[56] DASH G, RAMAN R P, PANI PRASAD K, et al.Evaluation of paraprobiotic applicability of Lactobacillus plantarum in improving the immune response and disease protection in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879)[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2015, 43(1):167-174.
[57] MAGOUZ F I, SALEM M F I, EMARA A E I, et al.A mixture of β-glucan and mannanoligosaccharide ameliorated the growth rate, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphometry, and immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)[J].Annals of Animal Science, 2021, 21(3):1027-1041.
[58] ANJUGAM M, ISWARYA A, SIBIYA A, et al.Molecular interaction analysis of β-1, 3 glucan binding protein with Bacillus licheniformis and evaluation of its immunostimulant property in Oreochromis mossambicus[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2022, 121:183-196.
[59] EL-NOBI G, HASSANIN M, KHALIL A A, et al.Synbiotic effects of Saccharomycescerevisiae, mannan oligosaccharides, and β-glucan on innate immunity, antioxidant status, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus[J].Antibiotics, 2021, 10(5):567.
[60] YAMAMOTO F Y, YIN F, ROSSI W J, et al.Beta-1, 3 glucan derived from euglena gracilis and Algamune enhances innate immune responses of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.)[J].Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2018, 77:273-279.
[61] 李富东, 叶继丹, 王琨, 等.长时间连续投喂β-葡聚糖对鲤生长性能及非特异性免疫功能的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2009, 21(4):499-505. LI F D, YE J D, WANG K, et al.Effects of long-term continuous feeding of β-glucan on growth performance and non-specific immune function of cyprinus carpio[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2009, 21(4):499-505.(in Chinese)