广西地区不同饲养模式及不同季节水牛奶霉菌毒素污染状况调查

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2022.09.040

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】了解广西地区不同饲养模式下不同季节水牛奶霉菌毒素污染状况。【方法】随机采集2020年10-11月（秋季）和2021年4月（春季）每季3种饲养模式（规模化、养殖合作社或养殖小区、散养）原料水牛奶样品各8个，共计48个样品，利用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定水牛奶的霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素M₁（AFM₁）、赭曲霉毒素A （OTA）、HT-2毒素（HT-2）、T-2毒素（T-2）、α-玉米赤霉烯醇（α-ZEL）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON））污染状况。【结果】在48个样品中，有16个样品（33.33%）检测出AFM₁，养殖合作社或养殖小区模式检出率最高（43.75%），散养模式检出率最低（18.75%）。检出样品的AFM₁含量均低于中国的国家限量标准0.5 μg/kg，其中2个样品（4.17%）超过欧盟限量标准（0.05 μg/kg）。原料水牛奶中HT-2、T-2、α-ZEL、ZEN和DON的成人每日最大容许摄入量（PMTDI）均远低于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的食品添加剂联合专家委员（JECFA）设定值，原料水牛奶中OTA的成人每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）也低于JECFA设定值，且OTA含量均低于欧盟限量标准（<2 ng/mL）。与养殖合作社或养殖小区模式相比，散养和规模化模式生产的原料水牛奶中HT-2含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。规模化模式生产的原料水牛奶T-2含量显著低于散养模式（P<0.05）。原料水牛奶中秋季AFM₁平均含量和超欧洲限量标准率高于春季，但春季AFM₁的检出率高于秋季；3种饲养模式中，春秋两季散养模式样品中AFM₁检出率均最低；秋季各养殖模式原料水牛奶中OTA和DON的平均含量均高于春季。【结论】目前广西地区原料水牛奶质量在安全范围（AFM₁含量低于0.5 μg/kg，HT-2、T-2、α-ZEL、ZEN和DON的成人PMTDI及OTA的成人PTWI均低于JECFA设定值），但多种霉菌毒素在水牛奶中均有检出，污染风险仍应引起人们的警惕。

关键词: 饲养模式; 原料水牛奶; 霉菌毒素; ELISA法

Abstract: 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the mycotoxin contamination of buffalo milk in different seasons under different feeding modes in Guangxi.【Method】 Two seasons from October to November 2020 (autumn) and April 2021 (spring) were selected, and eight samples of raw buffalo milk were randomly collected from three breeding modes(large-scale, breeding cooperatives or breeding communities, free-range breeding) in each season.A total of 48 samples were collected.Mycotoxin contamination of buffalo milk, such as aflatoxin M₁(AFM₁), ochratoxin A(OTA), HT-2 toxin(HT-2), T-2 toxin(T-2), α-zearalenol(α-ZEL), zearalenone(ZEN) and deoxynivalenol(DON) were determined by ELISA.【Result】 Among the 48 samples, 16 (33.33%) samples were detected AFM₁.The highest detection rate was 43.75% in farming cooperatives or farming communities, and the lowest was 18.75% in free-range farming.The content of AFM₁ in the containminated samples was lower than the national limit standard (0.5 μg/kg).Two samples (4.17%) were exceeded the European Union Standard (0.05 μg/kg).The adult provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of HT-2, T-2, α-ZEL, ZEN and DON in raw buffalo milk were far lower than the set value of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA).The adult provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of OTA in raw buffalo milk was also lower than the set value of JECFA.Moreover, the content of OTA was lower than the European limit standard (<2 ng/mL).In addition, compared with the breeding cooperatives or breeding communities mode, the content of HT-2 of raw buffalo milk produced by both free-range and large-scale modes were significantly reduced (P<0.05).The content of T-2 of raw buffalo milk produced by the large-scale mode was significantly lower than free-range mode (P<0.05).In raw buffalo milk, the average content of AFM₁ and the proportion of AFM₁ content exceeding the European limit standard in autumn were higher than those in spring, but the detection rate of AFM₁ in spring was higher than that in autumn.Among the 3 feeding modes, the detection rate of AFM₁ in the samples of free-range mode in spring and autumn was the lowest.The average contents of OTA and DON in raw buffalo milk produced by each breeding mode in autumn was higher than that in spring.【Conclusion】 The current quality of raw buffalo milk in Guangxi was safe(the content of AFM₁ was less than 0.5 μg/kg, the adult PMTDI of HT-2, T-2, α-ZEL, ZEN, DON and the adult PTWI of OTA were lower than the set value of JECFA), but a variety of mycotoxins had been detected in raw buffalo milk, and the risk of mycotoxin contamination might be a concern.

Key words: feeding mode; raw buffffalo milk; mycotoxin; ELISA method

中图分类号:

S859.84

唐庆凤, 李玲, 黄加祥, 方文远, 农皓如, 唐艳, 陆呈委, 韦盘秋, 冯玲. 广西地区不同饲养模式及不同季节水牛奶霉菌毒素污染状况调查[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(9): 3665-3675.

TANG Qingfeng, LI Ling, HUANG Jiaxiang, FANG Wenyuan, NONG Haoru, TANG Yan, LU Chengwei, WEI Panqiu, FENG Ling. Survey on Mycotoxin Contamination of Buffalo Milk in Different Seasons Under Different Feeding Modes in Guangxi[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(9): 3665-3675.

参考文献

[1] BECKER-ALEGRI T A, CASTAGNARO D, BORTOLI K D, et al.Mycotoxins in bovine milk and dairy products:A review[J].Journal of Food Science, 2016, 81(3):544-552.
[2] 熊力力, 吴文旋, 王翀, 等.湖北省奶牛精料原料及牛奶中黄曲霉毒素污染调查[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2019, 55(2):137-141. XIONG L L, WU W X, WANG C, et al.Investigation contamination of aflatoxins in concentrate raw materials and milk of dairy cattle in Hubei province[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2019, 55(2):137-141.(in Chinese)
[3] 王子微, 高亚男, 王加启, 等.牛奶中霉菌毒素共污染及联合毒理效应[J].动物营养学报, 2021, 33(1):107-117. WAGN Z W, GAO Y N, WAGN J Q, et al.Co-contamination of mycotoxins in milk and their combined toxicological effects[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(1):107-117.(in Chinese)
[4] CAPRIOTTI A L, CARUSO G, CABALIERE C, et al.Multiclass mycotoxin analysis in food, environmental and biological matrices with chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2012, 31(4):466-503.
[5] ANFOSSI L, BAGGIANI C, GIOBANNOLI C, et al.Mycotoxins in food and feed:Extraction, analysis and emerging technologies for rapid and on-field detection[J].Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2010, 2(2):140-153.
[6] IHESHIULOR O, ESONU B O, CHUWUKA O K, et al.Effects of mycotoxins in animal nutrition:A review[J].Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2011, 5(1):19-33.
[7] 尹青岗, 王峰, 赵国华, 等.粮食与饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮控制技术研究进展[J].饲料研究, 2009, 6:32-35. YIN Q G, WAGN F, ZHAO G H, et al.Research progress on control technology of zearalenone in grain and feed[J].Feed Research, 2009, 6:32-35.(in Chinese)
[8] CAVRET S, LECOEUR S.Fusariotoxin transfer in animal[J] .Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2006, 44(3):444-453.
[9] 郑楠, 李松励, 许晓敏, 等.牛奶中霉菌毒素风险排序[J].中国畜牧医, 2013, 40(S1):9-11. ZHENG N, LI S L, XU X M, et al.Risk ranking of mycotoxin in milk in China[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2013, 40(S1):9-11.(in Chinese)
[10] NILE S H, PARK S W, KHOBRAGADE C N.Occurrence and analysis of aflatoxin M₁ in milk produced by Indian dairy species[J].Food & Agricultural Immunology, 2016, 27(3):358-366.
[11] KARA R, INCE S.Aflatoxin M₁ in buffalo and cow milk in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey[J].Food Additives & Contaminants, 2013, 7(1):7-10.
[12] KAMKAR A, YAZDANKHAH S, NAFCHI A M, et al.Aflatoxin M₁ in raw cow and buffalo milk in Shush city of Iran[J].Food Additives & Contaminants, 2014, 7(1):21-24.
[13] 刘武, 莫家尧, 李政, 等.广西柑橘气候适宜度模型[J].中国农学通报, 2021, 37(25):109-114. LIU W, MO J Y, LI Z, et al.Climate suitability model of citrus in Guangxi[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2021, 37(25):109-114.(in Chinese)
[14] 李妍君, 陆甲, 李艳兰, 等.2020年广西气候概况[J].气象研究与应用, 2021, 42(2):100-104. LI Y J, LU J, LI Y L, et al.Climate survey of Guangxi in 2020[J].Journal of Meteorological Research and Application, 2021, 42(2):100-104.(in Chinese)
[15] 黄良策.牛奶中多霉菌毒素UPLC-MS/MS检测方法建立及其风险分析研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学, 2013. HUANG L C.Simultaneous analysis mycotoxin residues in milk by UPLC-MS/MS method and the risk analysis research[D].Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University, 2013.(in Chinese)
[16] INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER(IARC).Some Naturally Occurring Substances:Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins[M].Lyon:In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 1993.
[17] 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准-食品中真菌毒素限量(GB 2761-2017)[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2017. NATIONAL HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.National food safety standard-limits of mycotoxins in food(GB 2761-2017)[S].Beijing:China Standard Press, 2017.(in Chinese)
[18] EC, EUROPEAN COMMISSION.Regulation No 1881/2006 of 19 Dec 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs[S].Brussels:Official Journal of the European Communities, 2006.
[19] 高亚男, 王加启, 郑楠.牛奶中霉菌毒素来源、转化及危害[J].动物营养学报, 2017, 29(1):34-41. GAO Y N, WAGN J Q, ZHENG N.Mycotoxins in cow's milk:Origin, transform and hazard[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2017, 29(1):34-41.(in Chinese)
[20] PALLAVI M, JASBIR S B, RABINDER S A, et al.Antibiotic residues and mycotoxins in raw milk in Punjab (India):A rising concern for food safety[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2019, 56(11):5146-5151.
[21] 马广旭, 肖湘怡, 杨祯妮, 等.中国城乡居民牛奶消费行为与营养认知状况研究——基于6省(区、市)886份问卷调研[J].中国乳业, 2020, 6:40-45. MA G X, XIAO X Y, YANG Z N, et al.Research on milk consumption behavior and nutritional cognition status of urban and rural residents in my country-Based on 886 questionnaires in 6 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities)[J].China Dairy, 2020, 6:40-45.(in Chinese)
[22] 国家卫生健康委员会.《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》[J].初中生世界, 2021, 14:61. NATIONAL HEALTH COMMISSION.The report on nutrition and chronic diseases of Chinese residents (2020)[J].Junior High School Student World, 2021, 14:61.(in Chinese)
[23] WANG J S, GROOPMAN J D.DNA damage by mycotoxins[J] .Mutation Research/Fundamental & Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 1999, 424(2):167-181.
[24] CARLSON M A, BARGERON C B, BENSON R C, et al.An automated, handheld biosensor for aflatoxin[J].Biosens Bioelectron, 2000, 14(10-11):841-848.
[25] GIZACHEW D, SZONYI B, TEGEGNE A, et al.Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the Greater Addis Ababa milk shed, Ethiopia[J].Food Control, 2015, 59:773-779.
[26] XIONG J, XIONG L, ZHOU H, et al.Occurrence of aflflatoxin B₁ in dairy cow feedstuffff and aflflatoxin M₁ in UHT and pasteurized milk in central China[J].Food Control, 2018, 92(5):386-390.
[27] ATABAK N, MOINI A L, FANI A, et al.Assessment of aflflatoxin M₁ levels in pasteurised milk, raw milk and cheese in Arak, Iran[J] .Toxin Reviews, 2015, 34(2):61-65.
[28] IQBAL S Z, ASI M R, MALIK N.The seasonal variation of aflflatoxin M₁ in milk and dairy products and assessment of dietary intake in Punjab, Pakistan[J] .Food Control, 2017, 79(2):292-296.
[29] 谢文沛.甘肃饲料和牛奶中黄曲霉毒素污染水平及其季节动态[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2017. XIE W P.Contamination and seasonal variation of aflatoxins in feed and milk in Gansu province[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University, 2017.(in Chinese)
[30] ROMA A, ROSSINI C, RITIENI A, et al.A survey on the aflatoxin M₁ occurrence and seasonal variation in buffalo and cow milk from Southern Italy[J].Food Control, 2017, 79(1):30-33.
[31] GUO L, WANG Y, FEI P, et al.A survey on the aflatoxin M₁ occurrence in raw milk and dairy products from water buffalo in South China[J].Food Control, 2019, 105(5):159-163.
[32] MOTAWEE M M, BAUER J, MCMHON D J.Survey of aflflatoxin M₁ in cow, goat, buffffalo and camel milks in Ismailia-Egypt[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009, 83(5):766-769.
[33] RAHIMI E, BONVADIAN M, RAFEI M, et al.Occurrence of aflflatoxin M₁ in raw milk of five dairy species in Ahvaz, Iran[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2010, 48(1):129-131.
[34] NILE S H, PARK S W, KHOBRAGADE C N.Occurrence and analysis of aflflatoxin M₁ in milk produced by Indian dairy species[J].Food and Agricultural Immunology, 2016, 27(3):358-366.
[35] HUSSAIN I, ANWAR J, ASI M R, et al.AFM₁ contamination in milk from five dairy species in Pakistan[J].Food Control, 2010, 21(2):122-124.
[36] HUANG L C, ZHEGN N, ZHENG B Q, et al.Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin M₁, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and α-zearalenol in milk by UHPLC-MS/MS[J]. Food Chemistry, 2014, 146:242-249.
[37] FREY M, ROSIM R, OLIVEIRA C.Mycotoxin co-occurrence in milks and exposure estimation:A pilot study in São Paulo, Brazil[J].Toxins, 2021, 13(8):507.
[38] 雷元培, 周建川, 王利通, 等.2018年中国饲料原料及配合饲料中霉菌毒素污染调查报告[J].饲料工业, 2020, 41(10):60-64. LEI Y P, ZHOU J C, WANG L T, et al.A survey report on the mycotoxin contamination of Chinese raw materials and feed in 2018[J].Feed Industry, 2020, 41(10):60-64.(in Chinese)
[39] XIONG J L, WANG Y M, MA M R, et al.Seasonal variation of aflatoxin M₁ in raw milk from the Yangtze River Delta region of China[J].Food Control, 2013, 34(2):703-706.
[40] MIOCINOVIC J, KESKIC T, MILORADOVIC Z, et al.The aflatoxin M₁ crisis in Serbian dairy sector:The year after[J].Food Additives & Contaminants, 2017, 10(1):1-4.
[41] MARNISSI B E, BELKHOU R, MORGAVI D P, et al.Occurrence of aflatoxin M₁ in raw milk collected from traditional dairies in Morocco[J].Food & Chemical Toxicology an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2012, 50(8):2819-2821.