冀北寒区秋冬季节荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能及血液常规指标的变化规律研究

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2020.04.036

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 试验旨在探索奶牛对气候变化较为敏感的血液常规指标，为荷斯坦奶牛低温应激研究提供相关数据支撑及科学依据，并对该地区冬季奶牛饲养管理及耐应激个体选育提供理论依据。以河北省承德市围场县某规模化奶牛场的健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛为研究对象，连续监测了秋季（2018年10月24日至2018年10月30日）、初冬（2018年12月4日至2018年12月10日）和深冬（2018年12月25日至2018年12月31日）牛舍温湿指数（THI），并分别采集了15头荷斯坦奶牛血液样本，测定了9种血液常规指标，同时收集了试验牛群的8项产奶性能数据，分析荷斯坦奶牛在秋冬季节产奶性能及血液常规指标的变化规律，筛选气候变化较为敏感的血液常规指标。结果显示：秋季，牛舍平均温度为8.0 ℃，平均THI为49.38，说明试验牛群在该时期处于非低温应激状态；初冬，牛舍平均温度为－6.4 ℃，平均THI达到23.56，在168 h监测期，有92 h －8≤THI < 25，76 h 25≤THI < 39，试验牛群在该时期大部分时间处于中度低温应激状态；深冬，牛舍平均温度为－7.59 ℃，平均THI达到21.86，有43 h 25≤THI < 39，117 h 8≤THI < 25，试验牛群在该时期绝大部分时间处于中度低温应激状态。随着温度下降，奶牛直肠温度、呼吸频率显著降低（P < 0.05）；冬季奶牛血中白细胞计数（WBC）、红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞压积（HCT）、血小板总数（PLT）、血小板压积（PCT）、单核细胞数（MO）、淋巴细胞数（LY）极显著或显著升高（P < 0.01；P < 0.05）；除红细胞压积（HCT）、白细胞计数外，其他各指标在初冬与深冬间差异不显著（P > 0.05）；红细胞平均体积（MCV）在各季节间变化不显著（P > 0.05）；与秋季相比，初冬、深冬奶牛平均日产奶量（AMY）分别下降0.71和1.17 kg/d（P < 0.01）；初冬乳脂率（FP）、乳蛋白率（PP）、脂蛋比（F/P）显著或极显著下降（P < 0.05；P<0.01），深冬时期恢复至秋季水平（P > 0.05）；乳中非脂肪固体物质率（SP）在初冬显著下降，在深冬显著上升（P < 0.05）；初冬、深冬乳中体细胞数（SCC）分别比秋季高1.84×10⁵、1.63×10⁵ 个/mL（P < 0.05）；乳糖率（LP）及酸度在各时期均无显著差异（P > 0.05）。综合以上结果，冀北寒区荷斯坦奶牛在秋季处于非应激状态，在初冬和深冬处于中度低温应激状态，且牛群的生理指标和产奶性能受气候影响较为严重；奶牛血液红细胞、白细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞数为受气候影响变化较为灵敏的血液常规指标。

关键词: 荷斯坦奶牛; 冷应激; 产奶性能; 血液常规指标

Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to explore the blood routine indexes of the dairy cows which were sensitive to climate change,provide the relevant data support and scientific basis for the research of low temperature stress of Holstein dairy cows,and provide the theoretical basis for the breeding and management for winter,and the selection of cold stress-resistant individuals in the area.In this study,the healthy Holstein lactating cows in a large-scale dairy farm in Weichang county,Chengde,Hebei province were taken as the research objects.The temperature and humidity index (THI) in autumn (October 24,2018 to October 30,2018),early winter (December 4,2018 to December 10,2018) and deep winter (December 25,2018 to December 31,2018) were monitored continuously.The blood samples of 15 Holstein dairy cows were collected for the measure of 9 blood routine indexes,and 8 milk production performance data of the experimental cows were collected.The changes of milk production performance and blood routine indexes of Holstein dairy cows at different time were analyzed,and the sensitive blood routine indexes of climate change were screened.The results showed that,in autumn,the average temperature of cowshed was 8.0 ℃,and the average THI was 49.38,indicating that the experimental cattle were in non-low temperature stress state in this period.In early winter,the average temperature of cowshed was -6.4 ℃,and the average THI was 23.56.In 168 h monitoring period,there was 92 h of 8≤THI < 25,76 h of 25≤THI < 39,the experimental cows were in moderate low temperature stress state in most time of this period.In the late winter,the average temperature of the cowshed was -7.59 ℃,the average THI was 21.86,and there was 43 h of 25≤THI < 39,117 h of 8≤THI < 25.The experimental cows were also in the state of moderate low temperature stress at most time of this period.With the decrease of temperature,rectal temperature and respiratory rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05).RBC,WBC,PLT,PCT,HGB,HCT,LY and MO increased significantly or extremely significantly in winter (P < 0.05;P < 0.01).Except HCT and WBC,the other indexes had no significant difference between early winter and deep winter (P > 0.05).MCV did not change significantly in different seasons (P > 0.05).Compared with autumn,the AMY decreased by 0.71 and 1.17 kg/d in early and deep winter,respectively (P < 0.01).FP,PP and F/P decreased significantly or extremely significantly in early winter (P < 0.05;P<0.01),and increased to autumn level in late winter (P > 0.05).SP decreased in early winter and increased in late winter significantly (P < 0.05);SCC in early winter and late winter were 1.84×10⁵ and 1.63×10⁵/mL higher than that in autumn (P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in LP and acidity among different periods (P > 0.05).In conclusion,the Holstein dairy cows were in non-stress state in autumn,were in moderate low temperature stress state in early and late winter,and the physiological indexes and milk production performance of cows were seriously affected by the climate.RBC,WBC,LY and MO were more sensitive blood routine indexes affected by climate.

Key words: Holstein dairy cows; cold stress; milk production traits; routine blood indicators

中图分类号:

Q494

王亚男, 冯曼, 周英昊, 毛森, 邱殿锐, 郭建军, 李素霞, 王洪彬. 冀北寒区秋冬季节荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能及血液常规指标的变化规律研究[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2020, 47(4): 1282-1288.

WANG Yanan, FENG Man, ZHOU Yinghao, MAO Sen, QIU Dianrui, GUO Jianjun, LI Suxia, WANG Hongbin. Study on the Change Law of Milk Production Traits and Routine Blood Indicators of Holstein Dairy Cows in the North of Hebei Province in Autumn and Winter[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2020, 47(4): 1282-1288.

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