病毒检测方法研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2023.11.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着病毒的不断变异和传播，病毒检测方法的研究也在不断发展和深化，在病毒性疾病暴发时，及时、准确地检测病毒变得尤为重要。传统的病毒检测方法包括病毒分离鉴定、PCR和ELISA等，但这些方法都存在操作繁琐、检测时间长、灵敏度低等问题。近年来，一些新兴技术和优化的方法被应用于各类病毒的检测，带来了更加准确和高效的病毒检测，如基于微滴式数字PCR的病毒检测，其灵敏度可高出实时荧光定量PCR约16倍；基于基因测序技术的病毒检测方法越来越受到关注，其不仅可以检出病毒种类、数量，还能直接准确地获取病毒基因序列，甚至能够发现新病毒。此外，基于CRISPR/Cas、生物传感器、流式细胞术等检测技术在病毒检测领域也受到了广泛应用。虽然这些新技术在特异性和灵敏度等方面存在显著优势，但仍然面对一些考验，如检测成本较高、需要实验室环境等，这些问题限制了病毒检测技术的普及和推广。因此，未来的研究重点将聚焦于提高检测的准确性、实用性并降低成本，研发出更加完善的病毒检测技术。作者将优化后及新兴的检测技术与传统检测技术相对比，并总结其优缺点，以期为病毒检测、病毒性疾病防控提供参考依据。

关键词: 核酸检测; 免疫学检测; 生物传感器; 即时检测

Abstract: With the constant variation and spread of viruses, the research on virus detection methods is also developing and deepening.When viral diseases break out, it is particularly important to detect viruses timely and accurately.Traditional virus detection methods include virus isolation and identification, PCR and ELISA, but these methods all have problems such as complicated operation, long detection time and low sensitivity.In recent years, some emerging technologies and optimized methods have been applied to the detection of various viruses, which have brought more accurate and efficient virus detection.For example, the sensitivity of virus detection based on droplet digital PCR can be as much as 16 times higher than Real-time quantitative PCR.There is also a virus detection method based on gene sequencing technology, which attracts more and more attention, it can not only detect the types and quantities of viruses, but also directly and accurately obtain virus gene sequences, and even discover new viruses.In addition, detection technologies based on CRISPR/Cas, biosensors and flow cytometry have also been widely used in the field of virus detection.Although these new technologies have obvious advantages in specificity and sensitivity, they still face some challenges, such as high detection cost and the need for laboratory environment, which limit the popularization and promotion of virus detection technology.Therefore, the future research will focus on improving the accuracy and practicability of detection and reducing the cost, and developing more perfect virus detection technology.The author compares the optimized and emerging detection technology with the traditional detection technology, and summarizes its advantages and disadvantages, in order to provide basis and reference for virus detection and virus disease prevention and control.

Key words: nucleic acid detection; immunological detection; biosensor; point of care testing

中图分类号:

S852.65

赵史宇辰, 汤思淇, 冯亚莉, 张莹. 病毒检测方法研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2023, 50(11): 4536-4544.

ZHAO Shiyuchen, TANG Siqi, FENG Yali, ZHANG Ying. Research Progress on Virus Detection Methods[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023, 50(11): 4536-4544.

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