外泌体的生物学功能及其在动物遗传育种中的应用

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2021.07.030

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 外泌体是一种广泛存在于多种细胞间质中的囊泡，多种细胞在正常情况下或在细胞外刺激等应激条件下都能产生外泌体，来自不同细胞类型的外泌体作用机制及功能有很大区别。外泌体可通过膜蛋白与靶细胞膜蛋白结合、膜蛋白碎片与细胞膜上受体结合、膜与靶细胞膜直接融合等方式传递生物活性分子，从而参与机体免疫、细胞分化等过程。由于外泌体具有来源天然、穿越屏障能力好、生物相容性强等特点，在许多研究领域均受到广泛的关注。作者介绍了外泌体的形态特点、形成过程、作用机制、分离纯化、生物学特性、功能及应用；总结了近年来外泌体在畜禽研究中的应用。外泌体不仅可应用于动物遗传育种中，还可作为工具或载体来研究动物体内各种生化途径。该综述可为外泌体的相关研究及应用提供参考。

关键词: 外泌体; 作用机制; 生物学功能; 动物遗传育种

Abstract: Exosomes are vesicles widely existed in the intercellular substance of various cells.Exosomes can be produced by various kinds of cells under normal conditions or under stress conditions such as extracellular stimulation.The action mode and functions of exosomes derived from different cell-types are different.Exosomes can transmit bioactive molecules to participate in the process of body immunity and cell differentiation by binding membrane proteins to target cell membrane proteins,binding membrane protein fragments to receptors on cell membrane,and direct fusion between membrane and target cell membrane.Exosomes with the characteristics of natural origin,good barrier crossing capability and excellent biocompatibility have attracted much attention in many fields.The morphological characteristics,formation process,mechanism of action,isolation and purification,biological characteristics,function and application of exosomes were introduced and the application of exosomes applied to livestock and poultry research in recent years were summarized in this paper.Exosomes can not only be used in animal genetics and breeding,but also be used as tools or carriers to study multiple biochemical pathways in animals.This review can provide references for the research and application of exosomes.

Key words: exosomes; action mode; biological function; animal genetics and breeding

中图分类号:

王佩仪, 刘贤, 张子敬, 杨鹏, 姚治, 宋兴亚, 王浩然, 张家强, 雷初朝, 陈宏, 黄永震. 外泌体的生物学功能及其在动物遗传育种中的应用[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2021, 48(7): 2539-2548.

WANG Peiyi, LIU Xian, ZHANG Zijing, YANG Peng, YAO Zhi, SONG Xingya, WANG Haoran, ZHANG Jiaqiang, LEI Chuzhao, CHEN Hong, HUANG Yongzhen. Biological Function of Exosome and Its Application in Animal Genetics and Breeding[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2021, 48(7): 2539-2548.

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