纳米抗体的制备与临床应用研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2021.02.031

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 抗体是一类能特异性识别并结合抗原的免疫球蛋白，也是机体体液免疫的主要成分。随着科学技术的发展及对抗体研究的深入，抗体的应用领域不断扩展，可作为亲和配体或探针用于蛋白互相作用、蛋白与核酸相互作用、生物大分子定位与分布等研究，也可作为免疫抑制剂或治疗药物用于免疫性疾病、肿瘤、感染等疾病的治疗，还可结合各种标记技术用于疾病诊断、食品安全检测和环境监测。但传统抗体生产成本高、组织穿透力差、免疫排斥反应等缺点限制了其在疾病治疗等领域的广泛应用。近年来，科学家们致力于新型小分子抗体的寻找和研究，先后研制出嵌合抗体、小分子抗体、双特异性抗体等新型抗体。其中，纳米抗体（nanobody，Nb）又称重链可变区（variable heavy chain domain，VHH）抗体，是一种仅由一个重链可变区组成的单域抗体。纳米抗体保留了重链抗体完整的抗原结合能力，且具有分子质量小、组织穿透性强、抗原亲和力高、能识别隐藏表位、免疫原性低、结构稳定、水溶性好、生产成本低、易于产业化等优点，在疾病诊断、癌症和感染性疾病治疗、小分子药物及毒素残留检测等领域展现出巨大的应用前景。作者首先介绍了纳米抗体的特点，然后简述了纳米抗体的制备流程，重点综述了纳米抗体在疾病诊断、疾病治疗、食品安全和环境监测等领域的应用，最后对纳米抗体在兽医临床的应用前景进行了分析和展望。

关键词: 纳米抗体; 疾病诊断; 病原检测; 环境监测; 兽医临床

Abstract: Antibody is a class of immunoglobulin protein that specifically recognize and bind antigens.It is also a major component of humoral immunity in the body.The applications of antibody is rapidly expanding as the development of science and technology and the in-depth research of antibody.Nowadays,antibody can be used as affinity ligand or probes for the research on protein-protein interaction,protein-nucleic acid interaction,the orientation and distribution of biological macromolecules,used as immunosuppressant or drugs for the treatment of autoimmune disease,tumor or infectious disease,also can be applied in disease diagnosis,food safety testing and environmental monitoring by combining with a variety of labeling techniques.However,the disadvantages of traditional antibodies,such as high production cost,poor tissue penetration and immune rejection,limiting their wide applications in certain fields.In recent years,scientists have committed to develop search for minimolecule antibodies,and have developed chimeric antibodies,small-molecule antibodies,bi-specific antibodies and other new antibodies.Nanobody (Nb),also known as variable heavy chain domain (VHH) antibody,is a signal domain antibody consisting of only one variable heavy chain domain.Nanobody retains the full antigen-binding ability of the heavy chain antibody.It has the advantages of small molecular weight,strong tissue penetration,high antigen affinity,ability to recognize hidden epitopes,low immunogenicity,stable structure,good water solubility,low production cost and easy industrialization,showing great application prospect in the fields of disease diagnosis,treatment of drugs and infectious disease,detection of small molecule drugs and toxin residues.In this paper,the characteristics of nanobody were introduced firstly,followed by the briefly description of the nanobody preparation process.The applications of nanobody in the fields of disease diagnosis,disease treatment,food safety and environmental monitoring were then reviewed emphatically,and the applications of nanobody in veterinary clinic were finally prospected.

Key words: nanobody; diagnosis of disease; pathogen detection; environmental monitoring; veterinary clinic

中图分类号:

严昊, 冯建远, 张子仪, 杨松鑫, 徐春雨, 韦萌, 黄清萍, 陈海兰. 纳米抗体的制备与临床应用研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2021, 48(2): 685-694.

YAN Hao, FENG Jianyuan, ZHANG Ziyi, YANG Songxin, XU Chunyu, WEI Meng, HUANG Qingping, CHEN Hailan. Progress in Preparation and Clinical Application of Nanobody[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2021, 48(2): 685-694.

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