中国畜牧兽医

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犬高钾血症和高钙血症及其治疗机制研究

张谊   

  1. 西昌学院动物科学学院,四川西昌 615013
  • 收稿日期:2014-02-10 出版日期:2014-08-20 发布日期:2014-08-22
  • 作者简介:张谊(1976—),男,四川人,学士,副教授,从事动物科学的教学和科研工作。
  • 基金资助:

    四川省科技厅支撑项目(2013NZ0032)。

Study on Hyperkalemia and Hypercalcemia in Dogs and their Therapeutic Mechanism

ZHANG Yi   

  1. School of Animal Science of Xichang College,Xichang 615013,China
  • Received:2014-02-10 Online:2014-08-20 Published:2014-08-22

摘要: 为探讨Ca2+、K+对犬心功能的影响及其在治疗犬电解质紊乱疾病中的作用,选取24~48月龄中华田园犬20只,公母各半,按年龄、性别及体重均分成2组。Ⅰ组按照1.5 mL/min对试验犬静脉注射5% KCl建立高钾血症模型,然后按照1 mL/min对其静脉注射适量CaCl2以缓解其临床症状;Ⅱ组按照1 mL/min对试验犬静脉注射5% CaCl2建立高钙血症模型,然后按照1.5 mL/min对其静脉注射适量KCl缓解其临床症状。采集试验犬在模型建立前、后及对模型犬注射CaCl2(KCl)后血液2 mL,分离血清检测血清中K+、Ca2+、Na+、Cl-离子浓度,同时监测各采样点试验犬血压、心率和心电图变化。结果显示,试验犬按照1.5 mL/min静脉注射5% KCl可成功建立高钾血症模型,此时血清K+浓度显著升高(P<0.05),心率极显著下降(P<0.01),收缩压显著下降(P<0.05),心电图表现为心脏节律不齐,P波低平甚至消失,T波高尖呈斗篷状;对高钾血症模型犬静脉注射CaCl2后,血清K+浓度显著下降(P<0.05),心率显著升高(P<0.05),心电图中P波重新出现,斗篷状的T波消失。按照1 mL/min静脉注射5% CaCl2可成功建立高钙血症模型,此时血清Ca2+浓度极显著升高(P<0.01),Na+浓度显著下降(P<0.05),心率显著升高(P<0.05),脉压极显著下降(P<0.01),心电图表现为S-T段缩短甚至消失、T波增宽、Q-T间期缩短、出现特征性U波等变化;对高钙血症模型犬注射KCl后血清Ca2+浓度下降但差异不显著(P>0.05),心率显著下降(P<0.05),基本恢复正常,脉压持续下降但差异不显著(P>0.05),此时心电图中T波明显升高、S-T段时限有所增加、U波消失等变化。结果表明静脉注射5% KCl(5% CaCl2)可成功建立犬高钾血症(高钙血症)模型。对高钾血症犬静脉注射CaCl2可使其心功能显著恢复;而对高钙血症犬静脉注射KCl其心功能恢复欠佳。

关键词: 犬; 高钾血症; 高钙血症; 心电图; 治疗机制

Abstract: The assay was aimed to explore the effects of Ca2+ or K+ on dog cardiac function, and the role of Ca2+ and/or K+ on treating canine electrolyte disorders. 20 Chinese rural dogs at the age of 24 to 48 months were divided into two groups by age, gender and weight. Hyperkalemia (group Ⅰ) model was created by intravenous injection with 5% KCl at flow velocity of 1.5 mL/min, and then relieved the symptoms of hyperkalemia by intravenous injection with CaCl2 at flow velocity of 1 mL/min; hypercalcemia (group Ⅱ) model was created by intravenous injection with 5% CaCl2 at flow velocity of 1 mL/min, and then relieved the symptoms of hypercalcemia by intravenous injection with KCl at flow velocity of 1.5 mL/min.The blood was collected before and after the models built, and at the time of CaCl2 (KCl) was injected to the models.The sera were separated and used to detect the concentrations of K+, Ca2+, Na+, Cl-. Simultaneously, blood pressure, heart rates and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored at the same collecting points. The results showed that hyperkalemia model was established by intravenous injection with 5% KCl to the dog at flow velocity of 1.5 mL/min.At this time the serum concentration of K+ was significantly increased (P<0.05),heart rate extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),SBP significantly decreased (P<0.05). The ECG showed that the model dogs were arrhythmia, P wave became flat or even disappeared, T wave was tall as mantle.While CaCl2 was injected to the hyperkalemia model by intravenous injection, the concentration of K+ was significantly decreased (P<0.05),the heart rate significantly increased (P<0.05), The ECG showed that P wave reappeared,mantle-like T wave disappeared.Hypercalcemia model was established by intravenous injection with 5% CaCl2 to the dog at flow velocity of 1 mL/min.At this time the serum concentration of Ca2+ was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), the concentration of Na+ decreased (P<0.05),the heart rate significantly increased (P<0.05),pulse pressure extremely significantly decreased(P<0.01). The ECG showed that T wave was widened,ST segment was shortened or even disappeared,QT interval was shortened,U wave was appeared.While KCl was injected to the model dogs by intravenous injection, the serum concentration of Ca2+ decreased (P>0.05), the heart rate significantly decreased (P<0.05) and returned to normal, but pulse pressure continued to decline.The ECG showed that T wave was apparently elevated.The time limit of ST segment increased.U wave was disappeared. The conclusions were that hyperkalemia (hypercalcemia) model could established after 5% KCl (5% CaCl2) injected to the healthy dogs. The heart fuction recovered obviously when CaCl2 was injected to the hyperkalemia dogs, therefore, CaCl2 had a better therapeutic effect for hyperkalemia. However, it had no good therapeutic effect when KCl injected to the hypercalcemia dogs.

Key words: dog; hyperkalemia; hypercalcemia; electrocardiogram (ECG); therapeutic mechanism