牛粪堆肥过程中理化性质与微生物群落变化

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.06.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探究牛粪好氧堆肥过程中理化性质和微生物群落的演变及其相互关系，以期为粪肥资源化利用提供理论基础。【方法】对牛粪经螺旋挤压进行固液分离，分离后的固形物通过28 d好氧堆肥的方式处理，分别于0 d(C0d)、7 d(C7d)、14 d(C14d)、28 d(C28d)采样，检测含水率(MC)、有机质(OM)、碳氮比(C/N)、硝态氮(NO₃-N)、总氮(TN)含量等理化指标，以16S rRNA高通量测序分析样品中微生物群落结构的变化。【结果】经堆肥处理后，C28d样品与C0d、C7d、C14d样品相比，含水率、有机质含量和碳氮比极显著降低(P＜0.01)，pH变化幅度不大，硝态氮和总氮含量极显著增加(P＜0.01)。微生物群落Alpha多样性分析显示，随着堆肥过程的进行，微生物群落的丰度和多样性逐渐下降，C14d样品中Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed species指数与C0d样品间存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。门水平分析显示，厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是整个堆肥阶段的优势菌门；属水平分析显示，嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter)和棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium)等条件性致病菌随着堆肥过程的进行被有效杀灭。关联分析结果表明，SBR1031的相对丰度与硝态氮含量呈正相关，与有机质含量呈负相关；Limnochordaceae、双孢菌属(Thermobispora)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的相对丰度与总氮含量呈正相关，与pH呈负相关；棒状杆菌属和嗜冷杆菌属相对丰度与pH呈正相关，与总氮含量呈负相关。【结论】堆肥结束后，堆肥含水率、有机质含量较初始样品分别降低53.14%和19.20%；碳氮比从57.21降为21.69，总氮含量从8.65 g/kg升高为17.29 g/kg，微生物群落多样性和丰度变化与堆肥不同阶段存在紧密联系，Limnochordaceae、双孢菌属、芽孢杆菌属、直丝菌属、热多孢菌属的相对丰度与硝态氮和总氮含量呈正相关，与pH、含水率和有机质含量呈负相关。

关键词: 牛粪; 好氧堆肥; 氮素变化; 微生物群落

Abstract: 【Objective】 This study was aimed to explore the physical and chemical properties of cow manure during aerobic composting and the evolution of microbial communities,and analyze their interrelationships,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the resource utilization of manure.【Method】 Solid liquid separation of cow manure was performed through spiral extrusion.The separated solids were subjected to aerobic composting for 28 d.Samples were collected at 0 d(C0d),7 d (C7d),14 d (C14d),and 28 d (C28d),respectively.The physical and chemical indicators including moisture content (MC),organic matter (OM),carbon/nitrogen (C/N),nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) contents were measured.The microbial community structure of samples were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA.【Result】 After composting,compared with C0d,C7d and C14d samples,the content of MC,OM and C/N in C28d sample were extremely significantly decreased (P＜0.01),while pH change was not significant.The contents of NO₃-N and TN in C28d sample were extremely significantly increased (P＜0.01).Alpha diversity analysis of microbial communities showed that the abundance and diversity of microbial communities gradually decreased during the composting process.There were significant differences in Chao1 index,Faith_pd index,and Observed species between C14d and C0d samples (P＜0.05).At the phylum level,the dominant phylum were Firmicutes,Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria during the composting.At the genus level,the conditional pathogenic bacteria such as Psychobacter and Corynebacterium were effectively killed during the composting.Correlation analysis results showed that the relative abundance of SBR1031 was positive correlated with NO₃-N content and negative correlated with OM content.The relative abundance of Limnochordaceae,Thermobiospora and Bacillus were positive correlated with TN content and negative correlated with pH.The relative abundance of Corynebacterium and Psychobacter were positive correlated with pH and negative correlated with TN content.【Conclusion】 At the end of composting,compared with C0d sample,the MC and OM content decreased by 53.14% and 19.20%,respectively,the C/N ratio decreased from 57.21 to 21.69,while the TN content increased from 8.65 g/kg to 17.29 g/kg.The diversity and abundance of microbial communities were closely related to different stages of composting,the relative abundance of Limnochordaceae,Bifidobacterium,Bacillus,Fusarium and Thermopolyspora were positively correlated with the contents of TN and NO₃-N,and negatively correlated with pH,MC and OM.

Key words: cow manure; aerobic composting; nitrogen variation; microbial community

中图分类号:

S815.4

杨晨, 王晓婷, 张欣怡, 董津汝, 郭爽, 王月影, 杨秋云, 李和平, 化党领. 牛粪堆肥过程中理化性质与微生物群落变化[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(6): 2592-2602.

YANG Chen, WANG Xiaoting, ZHANG Xinyi, DONG Jinru, GUO Shuang, WANG Yueying, YANG Qiuyun, LI Heping, HUA Dangling. Physical and Chemical Properties and Microbial Community Changes of Cow Manure During Composting[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(6): 2592-2602.

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