猪粪与玉米秸秆好氧堆肥处理及其安全性评价

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2022.12.042

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨以不同比例的猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料进行好氧堆肥对堆肥质量的影响，并对堆肥产品进行安全评价，为猪粪与秸秆的资源化利用研究提供参考。【方法】以猪粪和玉米秸秆为材料，分别按猪粪和玉米秸秆体积比4：6（A组）、6：4（B组）和8：2（C组）混合堆肥。堆肥期共55 d，每天记录堆体和环境温度，在第0、5、15、25、35、45、55天采集堆体样品，并测定样品的含水量、pH和种子发芽指数，以及第0和55天养分含量（全磷、全钾、总氮）、有机质含量、重金属含量（总砷、总汞、总铅、总镉、总铬）、粪大肠菌群数和蛔虫卵死亡率。【结果】试验A、B和C组堆肥温度随着堆肥时间的增加均呈先上升后下降趋势，各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）；含水量随堆肥时间增加均不断减少，各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）；pH均在7.5~9.1之间波动，变化趋势基本一致，各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。试验A、B和C组堆肥结束时样品总养分含量分别为6.94%、7.36%和6.95%，有机质含量分别为48%、45%和39%，均达到NY/T 525-2021标准的要求；3组种子发芽指数在堆肥结束时都在80%以上，表明腐熟完全，其中A和B组在35 d后均超过100%；A、B和C组堆肥结束时样品重金属含量、粪大肠菌群数和蛔虫卵死亡率的检测结果均低于有机肥标准的限值，其中A和B组的粪大肠菌群数<3个/g，蛔虫卵死亡率均为100%。【结论】猪粪和玉米秸秆按体积比4：6配比更有利于堆肥腐熟，可缩短堆肥周期，并达到了粪便无害化和有机肥料的标准要求。

关键词: 猪粪; 玉米秸秆; 好氧堆肥法

Abstract: 【Objective】 To explore the influence of aerobic composting with different proportions of pig manure and corn straw on the composting quality, and to evaluate the safety of composting products to provide reference for the resource utilization of pig manure and straw.【Method】 Using pig manure and corn straw as materials, three groups were set in the experiment, which were composted according to the volume ratio of pig manure and corn straw of 4:6 (group A), 6:4 (group B) and 8:2 (group C).The composting period lasts for 55 days.The temperature of the fermentation reactor and the ambient temperature were recorded daily, the reactor samples were collected on days 0, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55, and the water content, pH and seed germination index of the samples were measured, as well as the total nutrient content(total phosphorus, total potassium, total nitrogen), organic matter content, heavy metal content (total arsenic, total mercury, total lead, total cadmium, total chromium), fecal coliform group number and Ascaris egg mortality on days 0 and 55.【Result】 In groups A, B and C, the composting temperature increased first and then decreased with the increase of composting time, and the difference between groups was not significant (P>0.05);The water content decreased continuously, and the difference between groups was not significant (P>0.05);pH fluctuated between 7.5 and 9.1, and the change trend was basically the same, with no significant difference between groups (P>0.05).At the end of composting, the total nutrient contents of the samples in groups A, B and C were 6.94%, 7.36% and 6.95%, respectively, and the organic matter contents were 48%, 45% and 39%, respectively, which met the standard requirements of NY/T 525-2021.The seed germination indexes of the three groups were more than 80% at the end of composting, indicating that the decompositions were complete, in which the groups A and B exceeded 100% after 35 days.At the end of composting, the content of heavy metals, the number of fecal coliforms and the mortality of Ascaris eggs in groups A, B and C were all lower than the limits of the organic fertilizer standard.The number of fecal coliforms in groups A and B were <3/g, and the mortality of Ascaris eggs was 100%.【Conclusion】 The ratio of pig manure to corn straw by volume was 4:6, which was more conducive to composting maturity, could shorten the composting cycle, and met the standard requirements of harmless manure and organic fertilizer.

Key words: pig manure; corn straw; aerobic composting

中图分类号:

S141.4

刘歆, 陈群, 邱玉朗, 侯国喜, 李林, 闫晓刚, 柳冬梅, 吕智超, 高星爱, 李忠和, 张云影, 闫秋良. 猪粪与玉米秸秆好氧堆肥处理及其安全性评价[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(12): 4945-4952.

LIU Xin, CHEN Qun, QIU Yulang, HOU Guoxi, LI Lin, YAN Xiaogang, LIU Dongmei, LYU Zhichao, GAO Xingai, LI Zhonghe, ZHANG Yunying, YAN Qiuliang. Aerobic Composting Treatment of Pig Manure with Corn Straw and Its Safety Evaluation[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(12): 4945-4952.

参考文献

[1] 第二次全国污染源普查公报[J].环境保护, 2020, 48(18):8-10. The second national pollution source census bulletin[J].Environmental Protection, 2020, 48(18):8-10.(in Chinese)
[2] 张家才, 胡荣桂, 雷明刚, 等.畜禽粪便无害化处理技术研究进展[J].家畜生态学报, 2017, 38(1):85-90. ZHANG J C, HU R J, LEI M G, et al.Research progress on innocuous treatment technique of livestock and poultry manure[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2017, 38(1):85-90.(in Chinese)
[3] 姚升, 王光宇.基于分区视角的畜禽养殖粪便农田负荷量估算及预警分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2016, 1:72-84. YAO S, WANG G Y.Study on estimation and warning of farmland load of livestock and poultry-based on zoning perspective[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition), 2016, 1:72-84.(in Chinese)
[4] 郭冬生, 彭小兰, 龚群辉, 等.畜禽粪便污染与治理利用方法研究进展[J].浙江农业学报, 2012, 24(6):1164-1170. GUO D S, PENG X L, GONG Q H, et al.Pollution of livestock and poultry feces and countermeasures[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2012, 24(6):1164-1170.(in Chinese)
[5] 中华人民共和国农业农村部.中国畜牧兽医年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2021. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Yearbook[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2021.(in Chinese)
[6] SUN Z, LI J, FAN Y, et al.Efficiency and mechanism of nitrogen removal from piggery wastewater in an improved microaerobic process[J].Science of Total Environment, 2021, 774:144925.
[7] 包从兴.畜禽养殖业猪粪便治理及其资源化利用[D].苏州:苏州科技学院, 2015. BAO C X.Research of livestock breeding manure treatment and resource reuse technology[D].Suzhou:Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 2015.(in Chinese)
[8] FANG C, YIN H, HAN L, et al.Effects of semi-permeable membrane covering coupled with intermittent aeration on gas emissions during aerobic composting from the solid fraction of dairy manure at industrial scale[J].Waste Management, 2021, 131:1-9.
[9] MA S, SUN X, FANG C, et al.Exploring the mechanisms of decreased methane during pig manure and wheat straw aerobic composting covered with a semi-permeable membrane[J].Waste Management, 2018, 78:393-400.
[10] GIBILISCO P E, LANCELOTTI J L, NEGRIN V L, et al.Composting of seaweed waste:Evaluation on the growth of Sarcocornia perennis[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 274:111193.
[11] 杨轶囡, 吴迪, 刘文明, 等.吉林省玉米秸秆资源化利用的问题与对策研究[J].玉米科学, 2016, 24(2):171-174. YANG Y N, WU D, LIU W M, et al.Maize straw resource utilization and countermeasures in Jilin province[J].Journal of Maize Sciences, 2016, 24(2):171-174.(in Chinese)
[12] ANGELA L C, CLAIRE T, ADRIAN G, et al.The respiration rate of composting pig manure[J].Compost Science & Utilization, 2004, 12(2):119-129.
[13] 中华人民共和国农业农村部.有机肥料:NY/T 525-2021[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2021. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.Organic fertilizer:NY/T 525-2021[S].Beijing:China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media, 2021.(in Chinese)
[14] 中华人民共和国农业农村部.肥料磷含量的测定:NY/T 2541-2014[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2014. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.Fertilizers——Determination of phosphorus content:NY/T 2541-2014[S].Beijing:China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media, 2014.(in Chinese)
[15] 中华人民共和国农业农村部.肥料钾含量的测定:NY/T 2540-2014[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2014. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.Fertilizers——Determination of potassium content:NY/T 2540-2014[S].Beijing:China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media, 2014.(in Chinese)
[16] 中华人民共和国农业农村部.肥料汞、砷、镉、铅、铬含量的测定:NY/T 1978-2010[S].北京:中国农业出版社, 2010. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.Fertilizers——Determination of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead and chromium content:NY/T 1978-2010[S].Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2010.(in Chinese)
[17] 中国国家标准化管理委员会.肥料中粪大肠菌群的测定:GB/T 19524.1-2004[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2004. STANDARDIZATION ADMINISTRATION.Determination of fecal coliforms in fertilizers:GB/T 19524.1-2004[S].Beijing:China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media, 2004.(in Chinese)
[18] 中国国家标准化管理委员会.肥料中蛔虫卵死亡率的测定:GB/T 19524.2-2004[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2004. CHINA NATIONAL STANDARDIZATION ADMINISTRATION.Determination of mortality of ascarid egg in fertilizers:GB/T 19524.2-2004[S].Beijing:China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media, 2004.(in Chinese)
[19] 李季, 彭生平.堆肥工程实用手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2011. LI J, PENG S P.The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2011.(in Chinese)
[20] XU J, XU X, LIU Y, et al.Effect of microbiological inoculants DN-1 on lignocellulose degradation during co-composting of cattle manure with rice straw monitored by FTIR and SEM[J].Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 2016, 35(2):345-351.
[21] 尹红梅, 刘标, 许隽, 等.发酵床养猪垫料基础参数变化[J].家畜生态学报, 2016, 37(1):76-80. YIN H M, LIU B, XU J, et al.Variation of basic parameters in pig bio-bed litters[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2016, 37(1):76-80.(in Chinese)
[22] 张亚宁.堆肥腐熟度快速测定指标和方法的建立[M].北京:中国农业大学, 2004. ZHANG Y N.Studies on the Foundation of Simple Indexes and Mensuration of Compost Maturity[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University, 2004.(in Chinese)
[23] 黄国锋, 吴启堂, 黄焕忠.有机固体废弃物好氧高温堆肥化处理技术[J].中国生态农业学报, 2003, 11(1):159-161. HUANG G F, WU Q T, HUANG H Z.Aerobic and thermophilic composting technology of solid organic waste[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2003, 11(1):159-161.(in Chinese)
[24] 蒋海燕, 雷平, 杜东霞, 等.发酵床陈化垫料堆肥效果研究[J].家畜生态学报, 2018, 39(4):59-63. JIANG H Y, LEI P, DU D X, et al.Study on composting effect of aging litter for fermentation-bed[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2018, 39(4):59-63.(in Chinese)
[25] WANG M J, AWASTHI M K, WANG Q, et al.Comparison of additives amendment for mitigation of greenhouse gases and ammonia emission during sewage sludge co-composting based on correlation analysis[J].Bioresource Technology, 2017, 243:520-527.
[26] LI M X, HE X S, TANG J, et al.Influence of moisture content on chicken manure stabilization during microbial agent-enhanced composting[J].Chemosphere, 2021, 264:128549.
[27] JIANG Z W, LU Y, XU J, et al.Exploring the characteristics of dissolved organic matter and succession of bacterial community during composting[J].Bioresource Technology, 2019, 292:121942.
[28] 韩玮, 何明.外源酶对秸秆堆肥进程的影响及腐熟度模糊评价[J].环境科学学报, 2015, 35(11):3742-3749. HAN W, HE M.Effects of exogenous enzymes on composting of straw and maturity assessment by fuzzy evaluation[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2015, 35(11):3742-3749.(in Chinese)