哺乳动物卵母细胞纺锤体组装机制的研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.01.024

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 哺乳动物卵母细胞减数分裂纺锤体的正常组装是确保减数分裂中染色体精确分离的关键。在细胞分裂过程中,将一整套染色体传递给子细胞对发育和组织稳态至关重要。双极纺锤体的组装异常通常会引起染色体错误分离,染色体分离错误又极容易导致自然流产以及染色体出生缺陷。因此,探究纺锤体组装机制对了解减数分裂进程是必需的。在体细胞中,有丝分裂纺锤体组装是由中心体充当微管组织中心介导。而哺乳动物卵母细胞中缺乏典型的中心体,依靠微管组织中心等其他途径来组装纺锤体。尽管有助于纺锤体组装的组分和途径有很多描述,但关于无中心体纺锤体的组装和功能机制仍有待完善。作者介绍了哺乳动物卵母细胞中无中心体纺锤体组装的过程,着重讲述了微管成核、纺锤体的双极化与伸长和染色体排列与分离涉及的分子机制,以及纺锤体检验点(SAC)在纺锤体组装中的作用机制。此外,还讨论了染色体与微丝在减数分裂过程中参与纺锤体组装作用机制,旨在为哺乳动物卵母细胞双极纺锤体组装及染色体分离机制的研究提供借鉴。

关键词: 减数分裂; 纺锤体组装; 染色体分离; 非中心体微管组织中心

Abstract: Correct meiotic spindle assembly in mammalian oocytes is crucial for ensuring accurate chromosome separation during meiosis.Transferring a complete set of chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division is essential for development and tissue homeostasis.Abnormal assembly of bipolar spindles often cause chromosomal missegregation,which in turn can easily lead to natural miscarriage and chromosomal birth defects.Therefore,exploring the mechanism of spindle assembly is necessary for understanding the process of meiosis.In somatic cells,mitotic spindle assembly is mediated by the centrosome acting as the microtubule organizing center.However,mammalian oocytes lack typical centrosomes and rely on other pathways such as microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) to assemble spindle.Although many components and pathways contributing to spindle assembly have been described,the assembly and functional mechanisms of acentriolar spindle still need to be improved.This review introduces the process of acentriolar spindle assembly in mammalian oocytes,and focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in microtubule nucleation,spindle polarization and elongation,chromosome arrangement and separation,as well as the role of spindle checkpoint (SAC) in spindle assembly.In addition,the mechanism by which chromosomes and actin filaments participate in spindle assembly during meiosis is also discussed in this review,aiming to provide reference for the study of bipolar spindle assembly and chromosome separation mechanisms in mammalian oocytes.

Key words: meiosis; spindle sssembly; chromosome segregation; aMTOC

中图分类号:

S814.1

张颖, 唐毓, 杨镒峰, 薛海龙, 许保增. 哺乳动物卵母细胞纺锤体组装机制的研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(1): 268-277.

ZHANG Ying, TANG Yu, YANG Yifeng, XUE Hailong, XU Baozeng. Research Progress on the Mechanism of Spindle Assembly in Mammalian Oocytes[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(1): 268-277.

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