雾化疫苗研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2024.03.032

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 近年来,随着黏膜疫苗及免疫技术的不断发展,针对呼吸道疾病免疫预防的雾化疫苗及相应雾化吸入免疫技术的报道与应用逐渐增多。雾化疫苗是通过雾化装置将液态和固态免疫原制成雾滴或气溶胶颗粒,以喷雾免疫或气溶胶免疫的形式进入人与动物呼吸道及肺部,并诱导机体产生保护性应答的疫苗。雾化免疫能更好地诱导黏膜免疫应答,同时避免了注射带来的疾病传播风险和疼痛。20世纪50年代鸡新城疫疫苗的喷雾免疫研究拉开了动物呼吸道免疫的序幕,随后开展了鸡传染性支气管炎疫苗的喷雾接种,目前很多禽用疫苗的喷雾免疫已被广泛使用。猪用疫苗的气溶胶免疫研究起步较晚,难度也更大。20世纪70年代末以来,逐步在猪瘟疫苗、猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌疫苗及猪支原体肺炎疫苗上开展相应的气溶胶免疫研究。相比动物疫苗,人用疫苗的气溶胶免疫研究报道更多,主要集中在麻疹疫苗、结核疫苗和流感疫苗。2019年以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫苗的气溶胶免疫快速发展,目前在中国已被批准紧急使用。笔者就动物用及人用雾化疫苗研究现状进行系统陈述,总结分析了各类雾化疫苗的理化参数、安全性、体内趋向性、肺脏局部免疫应答、免疫接种效果,并提出未来在疫苗剂型与组份、雾化发生装置、雾化过程质控、免疫程序与效果评价等方面的研究需求。本综述可为后续相应的呼吸道黏膜疫苗研发提供参考。

关键词: 雾化疫苗; 气溶胶; 群体免疫; 传染病防控

Abstract: In recent years,with the continuous development of mucosal vaccine and immunization technology,the reports of atomized vaccine and corresponding vaccination technology have gradually increased.Atomized vaccine is a kind of vaccine that makes liquid and solid immunogen into droplets (spray immunization) or aerosol particles (aerosol immunization) through atomizing device,and enters human and animal respiratory tract to induce the protective response.Atomized vaccine can induce mucosal immune response better,and at the same time,avoid the risk of disease transmission and pain caused by injection.Since the 1950s,the research on the spray immunization of Newcastle disease vaccine in chickens has opened the prelude of animal respiratory immunity.After that,the spray vaccination of infectious bronchitis vaccine was carried out.At present,the spray immunization of many poultry vaccines has been widely used.The research on aerosol immunization of swine vaccine started late and was more difficult.Since the end of 1970s,the corresponding aerosol immunization research has been carried out on classical swine fever vaccine,Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae vaccine and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine.Compared with animal vaccines,there are more reports on aerosol immunization of human vaccines,mainly focusing on measles vaccine,tuberculosis vaccine and influenza vaccine.Since 2019,the aerosol immunization of COVID-19 vaccine has developed rapidly,and it has been approved for emergency use in China.In this paper,the research status of atomized vaccines for animal and human is systematically stated,and the physical and chemical parameters,safety,tendency in vivo,local immune response in lung and protection effect of various atomized vaccines were summarized,and the future research on vaccine dosage forms,components,atomization generation devices,quality control,immunization program and effect evaluation were put forward.This review could provide a reference for the further research on respiratory mucosal vaccines.

Key words: atomized vaccine; aerosol; herd immunity; prevention and control of infectious diseases

中图分类号:

S859.79⁺7

吴伟, 郝飞, 谢星, 冯志新. 雾化疫苗研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2024, 51(3): 1203-1213.

WU Wei, HAO Fei, XIE Xing, FENG Zhixin. Research Progress on Atomized Vaccines[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2024, 51(3): 1203-1213.

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