奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌免疫逃避机制研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2024.02.031

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 奶牛乳房炎是奶牛养殖业最常见的疾病之一,严重影响奶牛泌乳量和奶品质,增加奶牛淘汰率。饲养条件、环境因素及病原菌等都可诱发奶牛乳房炎,其中金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)导致的奶牛乳房炎最难治愈。金黄色葡萄球菌是一种具有高致病性、高耐药性且能通过自身分泌的酶、毒力因子介导免疫逃避作用的致病菌,其在宿主体内长期存活可导致长期慢性奶牛乳房炎的发生。笔者首先从奶牛乳腺免疫防御方面揭示奶牛乳腺在金黄色葡萄球菌入侵时所产生的一系列免疫防御手段;其次从金黄色葡萄球菌依靠自身表达的毒力因子、生物膜、表面蛋白及进化过程中产生小菌落变种、持留菌等不断增强其致病性和高耐药性方面进行阐述,揭示金黄色葡萄球菌高致病性和高耐药性的原因,以及金黄色葡萄球菌导致的奶牛乳房炎难以治愈的原因;最后进一步阐明金黄色葡萄球菌是如何在宿主强大的免疫防御作用下存活,以及通过荚膜多糖和纤维连接蛋白在乳腺定植并逃避吞噬,分泌中性粒细胞丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制蛋白、葡萄球菌蛋白A、产生细胞外囊泡等毒力因子逃避机体的免疫吞噬作用,揭示金黄色葡萄球菌具有高度环境适应力及众多免疫逃避手段。笔者从以上三方面对金黄色葡萄球菌逃避乳腺天然免疫的机制及相关研究进行综述,为维护奶牛健康、预防奶牛乳房炎疾病发生、抵御病原入侵机体等方面的机制研究提供依据。

关键词: 奶牛乳房炎; 免疫防御; 金黄色葡萄球菌; 免疫逃避

Abstract: Dairy cow mastitis is one of the most common diseases in dairy farming.Mastitis will seriously affect the milk yield and milk quality of dairy cows and increase the elimination rate of dairy cows.Feeding conditions, environmental factors and pathogens can induce mastitis in dairy cows, with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) being the most difficult to cure.S. aureus is a highly pathogenic, drug-resistant, and immune-avoiding bacterium mediated by its own secreted enzymes and virulence factors.The long-term survival of S. aureus in the host can lead to the occurrence of long-term chronic mastitis in dairy cows.In this paper, we firstly revealed a series of immune defenses produced by the mammary gland of dairy cows when S. aureus invaded, and then we elaborated on S. aureus relying on the virulence factors, biofilms, surface proteins expressed by S. aureus, as well as small colony variants and persisters produced in the course of evolution to enhance its pathogenicity and drug resistance, revealing that S. aureus was highly pathogenic and drug-resistant, and why it was difficult to cure mastitis in dairy cows caused by S. aureus.Finally, we further elucidated how S. aureus survived under the host’s strong immune defense, and how S. aureus colonized in the mammary gland and evaded phagocytosis through capsular polysaccharides and fibronectin, and secreted neutrophil serine protease inhibitor protein, staphylococcal protein A, extracellular vesicles and other virulence factors to evade the body’s immune phagocytosis.The immunophagocytosis of S. aureus was described, revealing that S. aureus had a high degree of environmental adaptability and numerous means of immune evasion.This paper summarized the mechanism of S. aureus evading mammary gland natural immunity and related research from the above three aspects, which would provide a basis for maintaining the health of dairy cows, preventing the occurrence of mastitis disease in dairy cows, and resisting the invasion of pathogens into the organism.

Key words: dairy cow mastitis; immune defense; Staphylococcus aureus; immune escape

中图分类号:

S852.4

何兴丽, 王昭元, 周佩瑶, 牟泉宙, 沈冰蕾. 奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌免疫逃避机制研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2024, 51(2): 748-758.

HE Xingli, WANG Zhaoyuan, ZHOU Peiyao, MOU Quanzhou, SHEN Binglei. Research Progress on Immune Escape Mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Cow Mastitis[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2024, 51(2): 748-758.

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