动物寄生虫口服疫苗研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2022.09.031

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 寄生虫病严重影响全球人类、动物的健康安全，所带来的经济损失巨大。因此，有必要研制针对寄生虫病的疫苗，以阻断寄生虫病在动物与动物、动物与人类之间的传播。寄生虫存在多种免疫逃避机制，已开发的亚单位疫苗、减毒活疫苗、灭活疫苗均未达到理想的预防效果，且商品化疫苗多为针剂疫苗，普通针剂疫苗操作繁琐、运输储藏要求高且易使动物发生应激，直接影响经济成本，因此在实际生产当中需更多操作简单、便于储存、免疫成本更低的新型疫苗，以有效防控寄生虫病。诸多研究表明口服疫苗操作方便，只需通过口服方式投喂且宿主获得的抗体效价水平较高，有望成为预防寄生虫病的有效手段。口服疫苗是一种新型疫苗，依靠宿主的黏膜免疫系统来产生作用，即通过机体黏膜表面接种便可同时诱导机体产生持久的黏膜免疫、体液免疫和细胞免疫，为宿主提供高效的免疫保护。与传统疫苗相比，口服疫苗最显著的优点就是便于接种且应激小，还能形成强大的黏膜免疫屏障。但胃肠道的环境及易形成免疫耐受等因素也为口服疫苗的开发带来很大的挑战。笔者就黏膜免疫系统与口服疫苗作用机理、近几年寄生虫口服疫苗的研究进展及优点与挑战进行综述，以期为寄生虫口服疫苗的开发提供理论依据。

关键词: 寄生虫口服疫苗; 黏膜免疫; 作用机理

Abstract: Parasitic diseases seriously affect the health and safety of humans and animals around the world, and the economic losses are huge.Therefore, it is necessary to develop targeted vaccines for parasitic diseases to block the transmission of parasitic diseases between animals, and between animals and humans.Parasites have a variety of immune evasion mechanism, the developed subunit vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine have not achieved the desired preventive effect, and commercialized vaccines are mostly injectable vaccines, ordinary injection vaccines are cumbersome operations, high transportation and storage requirements and easy to cause animal stress, directly affecting economic costs, so in actual production we need new vaccines with more simple operation, easy storage, lower immunization cost to effectively prevent and control parasitic diseases.Many studies have shown that oral vaccines are easy to administer and only need to be vaccinated by oral administration and the host has a high level of antibody titer, which is expected to become an effective means of preventing parasitic diseases.Oral vaccine is a new type of vaccine, relying on the host's mucosal immune system to produce an effect, that is, through the body's mucosal surface inoculation can induce the body to produce lasting mucosal immunity, humoral immunity and cellular immunity, providing efficient immune protection for the host.Compared with traditional vaccines, the most significant advantages of oral vaccines are that they are easy to administer and have little stress, and they can also form a strong mucosal immune barrier.However, factors such as the environment of the gastrointestinal tract and the susceptibility to the formation of immune tolerances have also created great challenges for the development of oral vaccines.The author reviewed the mechanism of the mucosal immune system and oral vaccines, as well as the research progress of parasite oral vaccines in recent years and advantages and challenges of oral vaccines in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development of parasite oral vaccines.

Key words: parasite oral vaccines; mucosal immunity; mechanism of action

中图分类号:

S852.7

贾新月, 马静, 张艳艳, 马勋, 王正荣, 薄新文. 动物寄生虫口服疫苗研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(9): 3569-3580.

JIA Xinyue, MA Jing, ZHANG Yanyan, MA Xun, WANG Zhengrong, BO Xinwen. Research Progress on Oral Vaccine of Animal Parasites[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2022, 49(9): 3569-3580.

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