青贮饲料质量评定方法研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2024.01.014

中国畜牧兽医 ›› 2024, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1): 135-144.doi: 10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2024.01.014

青贮饲料质量评定方法研究进展

闫威明¹, 陈雅坤², 杨鹏标³, 卜登攀², 张建勇⁴, 王建平¹, 赵连生², 赵勐⁵

1. 河南科技大学动物科技学院, 洛阳 471000;
2. 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所, 动物营养学国家重点实验室, 北京 100193;
3. 上海牧高生物科技有限公司, 上海 201306;
4. 宁夏回族自治区畜牧工作站, 银川 750004;
5. 现代牧业集团有限公司, 马鞍山 243071

收稿日期:2023-06-13 出版日期:2024-01-05 发布日期:2023-12-27
通讯作者: 王建平, 赵连生 E-mail:wjp8800@163.com;aaronann@163.com
作者简介:闫威明,E-mail:yanweiming9898@163.com;陈雅坤,E-mail:chenyakun2021@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划（2022YFD1301002）；中国农业科学院科技创新工程（ASTIP-IAS07-1）；中国农业科学院科技创新工程协同创新任务（CAAS-XTCX2016011-01）；家畜产业技术体系北京市创新团队（BAIC05-2023）

Research Progress on Quality Assessment Methods of Silage

YAN Weiming¹, CHEN Yakun², YANG Pengbiao³, BU Dengpan², ZHANG Jianyong⁴, WANG Jianping¹, ZHAO Liansheng², ZHAO Meng⁵

1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
3. Shanghai Mugao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201306, China;
4. Animal Husbandry Workstation, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China;
5. Modern Farming (Group) Co., Ltd., Maanshan 243071, China

Received:2023-06-13 Online:2024-01-05 Published:2023-12-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 青贮饲料是利用微生物在厌氧环境下将青绿饲料密封、发酵而成，既保留了青绿饲料原有的特点，又便于长期储存，且富含维生素和矿物质等营养成分，现已广泛应用于反刍动物生产中，是其重要的饲料原料。高效利用青贮饲料有利于畜牧业的高质量发展，如何科学快速评定青贮饲料质量是合理利用的关键，优质青贮饲料对反刍动物的生长发育、生产性能和健康具有重要作用。本研究基于国内外对青贮饲料质量评定方面的相关研究，从感官分析、化学分析（湿化学法、近红外法、高效液相色谱法）、生物学分析（体内法、尼龙袋法、体外发酵产气法、人工瘤胃法）以及综合指标（RFQ、GI₂₀₀₈、CSQI和AHQI）等多个现行评定青贮饲料质量的方法入手，总结了各个分析方法在评定青贮饲料质量时的优势以及影响其评定结果的因素，建议在评定青贮饲料质量时应注重多个方法之间协同作用，从营养含量、饲料消化率等角度对青贮饲料质量进行系统而又全面地评定，为今后评定青贮饲料质量的研究重点提出了建议和展望，同时也为青贮饲料的研究和生产应用提供一定参考。

关键词: 青贮饲料; 感官分析; 化学分析; 生物学分析; 综合指标

Abstract: Silage is made by green feed sealing and microorganisms fermentation in the anaerobic environment.The advantage of silaging is not only to retain the original characteristics of green feed, but also to facilitate long-term storage, and rich in nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.Silage is now widely used in the production of ruminants and is an important feedstuff.Efficient utilization of silage is conducive to the high-quality development of animal husbandry.Assess the quality of silage scientifically and quickly is the key to realize silage utilization more efficient.High-quality silage plays an important role in ruminants growth, performance and health.Based on the relevant research on silage quality assessment at home and abroad, this study includes sensory analysis, chemical analysis (wet chemical method, near-infrared method, HPLC method), biological analysis (in vivo method, nylon bag method, in vitro fermentation gas production method, rusitec method) and indicator for silage quality (RFQ, GI₂₀₀₈, CSQI, and AHQI).The advantages of each analysis method in evaluating the quality of silage and the factors that affect the evaluation results are summarized.It is suggested that when evaluating the quality of silage there should be a synergy between multiple methods.The systemic and comprehensive evaluation of silage quality from the perspective of nutrient content and digestibility of silage provides suggestions and prospects for future silage quality evaluation and silage application.

Key words: silage; sensory analysis; chemical analysis; biological analysis; composite indicators

中图分类号:

S816.5⁺3

闫威明, 陈雅坤, 杨鹏标, 卜登攀, 张建勇, 王建平, 赵连生, 赵勐. 青贮饲料质量评定方法研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2024, 51(1): 135-144.

YAN Weiming, CHEN Yakun, YANG Pengbiao, BU Dengpan, ZHANG Jianyong, WANG Jianping, ZHAO Liansheng, ZHAO Meng. Research Progress on Quality Assessment Methods of Silage[J]. China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2024, 51(1): 135-144.

参考文献

[1] 全国畜牧总站, 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所.中国全株玉米青贮质量安全报告(2022)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社, 2022. NATIONAL ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SERVICE, INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCES, CHINESE ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES.China Whole Plant Corn Silage Quality Safety Report (2022)[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2022.(in Chinese)
[2] 张智安, 周文静, 潘发明, 等.粗饲料中不同全株玉米青贮比例对湖羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、肉品质及血液生理指标的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2021, 33(9):4998-5006. ZAHNG Z A, ZHOU W J, PAN F M, et al.Effects of different ratios of whole-plant corn silage in roughage on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestion, meat quality and blood physiological indexes of hu sheep[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(9):4998-5006.(in Chinese)
[3] 孙雪丽, 李秋凤, 刘英财, 等.全株青贮玉米对西门塔尔杂交牛生产性能、表观消化率及血液生化指标的影响[J].草业学报, 2018, 27(9):201-209. SUN X L, LI Q F, LIU Y C, et al.Effects of whole-plant corn silage on performance, digestibility and blood biochemical parameters in simmental crossbred bulls[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(9):201-209.(in Chinese)
[4] 贾瑞芳, 刘长岗.全株玉米青贮对南阳黄牛生长性能、养分消化率及瘤胃发酵参数的影响[J].中国草食动物科学, 2023, 43(3):65-70. JIA R F, LIU C G.Effects of whole corn silage on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentati on parameters of Nanyang Yellow cattle[J].China Herbivore Science, 2023, 43(3):65-70.(in Chinese)
[5] 李仲玉, 杜鹃, 陈志辉, 等.不同方法测定饲料粗蛋白质的比较[J].饲料工业, 2017, 38(12):55-58. LI Z Y, DU J, CHEN Z H, et al.Analysis of different methods on detection of crude protein in feed[J].Feed Industry, 2017, 38(12):55-58.(in Chinese)
[6] 王晓娜, 徐春城, 温定英, 等.不同测定方法对青贮饲料中NDF和ADF含量的影响[J].草业科学, 2012, 29(1):144-149. WANG X N, XU C C, WEN D Y, et al.Effects of different methods on NDF and ADF of silage[J].Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(1):144-149.(in Chinese)
[7] 李小娜, 李建选. 青贮苜蓿对奶牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵及血液生化指标的影响[J].中国饲料, 2022, 14:57-60. LI X N, LI J X. Effects of silage alfalfa on production performance, rumen fermentation and blood biochemical indexes of cows[J].China Feed, 2022, 14:57-60.(in Chinese)
[8] 李改英, 廉红霞, 孙宇, 等.青贮紫花苜蓿对奶牛生产性能、尿素氮和血液生化指标的影响[J].草业科学, 2015, 32(8):1329-1336. LI G Y, LIAN H X, SUN Y, et al. Effects of alfalfa silage on production perfermance, urea nitrogen and blood biochemical index in dairy cow[J].Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(8):1329-1336.(in Chinese)
[9] DIJKSTRA J, FORBES J, FRANCE J.Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism[M].Wallingford:CAB International, 2005.
[10] 曹致中.草产品学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2005. CAO Z Z.Herbology[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press, 2005.(in Chinese)
[11] 王晓娜.蒙晋津京青贮饲料质量与安全性评价[D].北京:中国农业科学院, 2011. WANG X N.Evaluation of quality and safety of silage in Mengjinjinjing[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2011.(in Chinese)
[12] 于炎湖, 齐德生, 王春林.饲料中亚硝酸盐允许量的研究[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2004, 8:38-40. YU Y H, QI D S, WANG C L.Study on the allowable content of the nitrite in feed[J].Cereal & Feed Industry, 2004, 8:38-40.(in Chinese)
[13] 韩立英, 张英俊, 玉柱.生物添加剂对全株玉米青贮饲料中黄曲霉毒素的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2010, 46(23):63-66. HAN L Y, ZHANG Y J, YU Z.Effect of biological additives on aflatoxin in whole plant corn silage[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2010, 46(23):63-66.(in Chinese)
[14] 张发强, 刘萍, 李清, 等.不同青贮剂对甘蔗梢青贮常规营养成分和有机酸及玉米赤霉烯酮的影响[J].饲料研究, 2022, 45(3):101-105. ZHANG F Q, LIU P, LI Q, et al.Effects of different silage agents on conventional nutrients, organic acids and zearalenone of sugarcane shoot silage[J].Feed Research, 2022, 45(3):101-105.(in Chinese)
[15] 高治国.青贮饲料霉变原因及对反刍动物健康的影响[J].甘肃畜牧兽医, 2023, 53(1):126-129. GAO Z G.Causes of silage mold and effects on health of ruminants[J].Gansu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023, 53(1):126-129.(in Chinese)
[16] SCHAALJE G B, MVNDEL H H.Use of residual maximum likelihood to evaluate accuracy of two NIRS calibration procedures, relative to Kjeldahl, for determining nitrogen concentration of soybeans[J]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1991, 71(2):385-392.
[17] NORRIS K H, BARNES R F, MOORE J E.Predicting forge quality by infrared reflectancespectroscopy[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1976, 43:889-897.
[18] LANDAU S, GLASSER T, DVASH L J S R R.Monitoring nutrition in small ruminants with the aid of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technology:A review[J].Small Ruminant Research.2006, 61(1):1-11.
[19] 王新基, 郭涛, 潘发明, 等.利用近红外光谱技术快速分析全株玉米青贮营养成分[J].家畜生态学报, 2021, 42(1):52-55. WANG X J, GUO T, PAN F M, et al.Rapid analysis of nutritional components of whole plant silage using near-infrared spectroscopy[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2021, 42(1):52-55.(in Chinese)
[20] 许小霞, 戴朝洲, 谭崇桂.近红外光谱分析技术在饲料行业的应用[J].饲料广角, 2016, 18:34-35. XU X X, DAI C Z, TAN C G.Application of near-infrared spectroscopy in feed industry[J].Feed China, 2016, 18:34-35.(in Chinese)
[21] 曾小明.高效液相色谱法测定饲料中17种氨基酸[J].精细化工中间体, 2001, 1:42-44. ZENG X M.Determination of seventeen amino acids in feed using HPLC[J].Fine Chemical Intermediates, 2001, 1:42-44.(in Chinese)
[22] 曹明月, 薛宁, 兰剑, 等.高效液相色谱法测定饲料中的氨基酸[J].现代牧业, 2023, 7(1):10-15. CAO M Y, XUE N, LAN J, et al.Determination of amino acids in feed by high performance liquid chromatography[J].Modern Animal Husbandry, 2023, 7(1):10-15.(in Chinese)
[23] 程传民, 李云, 谷明, 等.超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饲料中维生素D₃[J].中国饲料, 2022, 1:83-87. CEHNG C M, LI Y, GU M, et al.Determination of vitamin D₃in feed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem masss pectrometry[J].China Feed, 2022, 1:83-87.(in Chinese)
[24] 汤平丽.两种不同品质粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性及瘤胃发酵参数的比较[D].南京:南京农业大学, 2015. TANG P L.Comparison of the ruminal degradation characteristics and fermentation parameters of two types of diffeent quality roughages[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2015.(in Chinese)
[25] 张微, 莫放.原位尼龙袋技术在评价饲料营养价值中的应用与建议方案[J].动物营养学报, 2019, 31(1):1-14. ZHANG W, MO F.Application and recommendation of in situ nylon bag technique for feed nutritional value evaluation[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(1):1-14.(in Chinese)
[26] CHURCH D C.The ruminant animal:digestive physiology and nutrition[M].America:Waveland Press, 1993.
[27] NOCEK.In situ and other methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility:A review[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 1988, 71(8):2051-2069.
[28] ARIELI A.Whole cottonseed in dairy cattle feeding:A review[J].Animal Feed Science & Technology, 1998, 72(1-2):97-110.
[29] DESPAL, MUBAROK, RIDLA M, et al.Substitution of concentrate by ramie, leaves hay or silage on digestibility of Jawarandu goat ration[J].Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2000, 16(6):435-443.
[30] QUIN J I.Studies on the alimentary tract of Merino sheep in South Africa:Ⅶ.Description of experimental technique fermentation in the forestomachs of sheep[J].Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 1943, 2:91-117.
[31] ØRSKOVA E R, MCDONALD I.The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1979, 92(2):499-503.
[32] CHALUPA W.Rumen bypass and protection of proteins and amino acids[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 1975, 58(8):1198-1218.
[33] WEAKLEY D C, STERN M D, SATTER L D.Factors affecting disappearance of feedstuffs from bags suspended in the rumen[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1983, 56(2):493-507.
[34] SUSMEL P, STEFANON B, MILLS C R, et al.The evaluation of PDI concentrations in some ruminant feedstuffs:A comparison of in situ and in vitro protein degradability[J].Annales de Zootechnie, 1989, 38(4):269-283.
[35] DEWHURST R J, HEPPER D, WEBSTER A J F.Comparison of in sacco and in vitro techniques for estimating the rate and extent of rumen fermentation of a range of dietary ingredients[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995, 51(3):211-229.
[36] RYLE M, ORSKOV E R.On milk yields and calf rearing[J].Livestock Research for Rural Development, 1990, 2(3):58-65.
[37] MENKE K H, RAAB L, SALEWSKI A, et al.The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro[J].Journal of Agricultural Science, 1979, 93(1):217-222.
[38] GETACHE G, BLVMMEL M, MAKKAR H P S, et al.In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds:A review[J].Animal Feed Science & Technology, 1998, 72(3):261-281.
[39] 李占明, 马敏, 赵微, 等.山野豌豆不同生长时期营养动态变化及其对瘤胃体外发酵和甲烷产量的影响[J].饲料研究, 2016, 2:1-6. LI Z M, MA M, ZHAO W, et al.Nutritional dynamics of wild pea during different growth periods and its effect on rumen in vitro fermentation and methane production[J].Feed Research, 2016, 2:1-6.(in Chinese)
[40] 马敏, 李明超, 赵微, 等.利用体外产气法研究不同生长期胡枝子对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量的影响[J].饲料工业, 2016, 37(1):19-23. MA M, LI M C, ZHAO W, et al.Study on the influence of different growth periods iespedeza to yanbian cattle rumen fermentation and methane production by gas production method in vitro[J].Feed Industry, 2016, 37(1):19-23.(in Chinese)
[41] 慕平, 张恩和, 方永丰, 等.体外产气法对3种玉米秸秆饲用价值评价研究初探[J].草地学报, 2011, 19(6):983-987. MU P, ZHANG E H, FANG Y F.Primary study on different maize stalk feeding values by in vitro gas production method[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(6):983-987.(in Chinese)
[42] 牛歆然, 杨艺, 吴文旋, 等.体外产气法评定茶渣替代苜蓿的可行性研究[J/OL].饲料工业, 2023, 1-14. NIU X R, YANG Y, WU W X, et al.Evaluation on the feasibility of tea residue in substitution of alfalfa by gas production technology in vitro[J/OL].Feed Industry, 2023, 1-14.(in Chinese)
[43] 施学仕.不同饲养制度下乳用山羊瘤胃内纤毛虫种群与pH值和氧化还原电位在体内外条件下的变化[D].南京:南京农学院, 1982. SHI X S.Changes of ciliate population, pH value andredox potential in rumen of dairy goats under different feeding regimes in vitro and in vivo[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 1982.(in Chinese)
[44] 王加启, 冯仰廉.瘤胃持续模拟技术的研究[J].动物营养学报, 1995, 7(1):29-35. WANG J Q, FENG Y L.Study on rumen simulation technique[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 1995, 7(1):29-35.(in Chinese)
[45] 孟庆翔.双外流连续培养系统用于瘤胃发酵的体外模拟:技术综述[J].动物营养学报, 1999, S1:45-50. MENG Q X. Use of a dual-flow continuous culture system for simulating ruminal fermentation in vitro:A technical review[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 1999, S1:45-50.(in Chinese)
[46] 沈维军, 姜雅慧, 王加启, 等.固液气分流式瘤胃模拟系统的设计与测试[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(3):20-26. SHENG W J, JIANG Y H, WANG J Q, et al.Design and testing of rumen simulation system with dischar-ging solid chime, liquid, and gas respectively[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(3):20-26.(in Chinese)
[47] 张凯.四种豆科植物青贮营养价值评价[D].阿拉尔:塔里木大学, 2023. ZAHNG K.Evaluation of nutritional value of silage of four leguminous plants[D].Alaer:Tarim University, 2023.(in Chinese)
[48] THARANGANI R M H, YA KUN C, ZHAO L S, et al.Corn silage quality index:An index combining milk yield, silage nutritional and fermentation parameters[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2021, 273(9):114817.
[49] THARANGANI R M H, YA KUN C, ZHAO L S, et al.Proposal and validation of integrated alfalfa silage quality index (ASQI) method for the quality assessment of alfalfa silage for lactating dairy cows[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2022, 289:115339.
[50] ROHWEDER D A, BARNES R F, JORGENSEN N, et al.Proposed hay grading standards based on laboratory analyses for evaluating quality[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1978, 47(3):747-759.
[51] MOORE J E, UNDERSANDER D J.Relative forage quality:An alternative to relative feed value and quality index[J].Proceedings 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition, 2002, 32:16-29.
[52] 红敏.奶牛粗饲料品质评定新一代GI(GI)的建立及在奶牛养殖应用中的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2009. HONG M.Establishment of a new generation GI(GI)for dairy roughage quality assessment and its application in dairy farming[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.(in Chinese)
[53] 卢德勋.乳牛八大营养工程技术[J].饲料广角, 2001, 9:1-6. LU D X.Eight nutritional engineering techniques for dairy cattle[J].Feed China, 2001, 9:1-6.(in Chinese)
[54] 陈延斌, 陈雅坤, 刘温, 等.体外产气法评价不同质量分级评分等级的全株玉米青贮的饲用价值[J].动物营养学报, 2023, 35(5):3382-3389. CHEN Y B, CHEN Y K, LIU W, et al.Evaluation of feeding value of whole-plant corn silage with different quality score grades in vitro gas production method[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(5):3382-3389.(in Chinese)

青贮饲料质量评定方法研究进展

Research Progress on Quality Assessment Methods of Silage

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 10

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	王珍玉, 谈重芳, 王伟伟, 马皓, 秦广雍, 王雁萍, 庞会利. 青贮饲料有氧变质及其预防措施研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2022, 49(11): 4207-4217.
[2]	刘艳芳, 马健, 李胜利, 余雄. 5种青贮饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的淀粉降解特性[J]. 《中国畜牧兽医》, 2018, 45(4): 925-932.
[3]	包万华, 卜登攀, 周凌云, 孙鹏, 姜雅慧, 余雄. 青贮饲料添加剂应用的研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2012, 39(8): 124-128.
[4]	夏传红;党文庆;许庆方;崔志文;杨桂英;韩建国;玉柱. 添加甲酸对西瓜皮青贮饲料品质影响的研究[J]. , 2010, 37(8): 9-12.
[5]	李改英;傅彤;廉红霞;高腾云. 糖蜜在反刍动物生产及青贮饲料中的应用研究[J]. , 2010, 37(3): 32-33.
[6]	秦立刚;许庆方;董宽虎;王保平;玉柱;孙启忠;刘建宁. 不同添加剂对甜高粱青贮品质影响的研究[J]. , 2010, 37(12): 27-30.
[7]	李丰跃. 青贮饲料的加工与利用[J]. , 2009, 36(2): 36-38.
[8]	刘海燕;祁宏伟;于秀芳;于维. 不同处理对玉米秸秆青贮饲料中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维消失率的影响[J]. , 2009, 36(12): 23-25.
[9]	邓露芳;王加启;姜艳美;;卜登攀;魏宏阳;周凌云;王金枝. 反刍动物饲用高产蛋白酵母菌株的分离和筛选[J]. , 2008, 1(1): 12-15.
[10]	赵春法. 提高青贮饲料品质的关键技术措施[J]. , 2007, 34(6): 34-35.