In order to investigate the feasibility of swinepox virus (SWPV) as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine carrier, this study utilized promoter P11 of vaccinia virus launching the green protein screening markers, and used SWPV TK gene as the insertion of exogenous gene loci. P28 and P7.5 promoters started PCV2 ORF2 gene to construct two recombinant plasmids of rSWPV11-28C and rSWPV11-7.5C, respectively. SWPV JX20G strain was defined as the parent viruses, homologous recombination technology was used to build two strains (rSWPV11-28C and rSWPV11-7.5C), which expressed the PCV2 recombinant swinepox virus capsid protein. The results showed that the PCV2 capsid protein, which was successfully expressed in recombinant swinepox virus rSWPV11-28C and rSWPV11-7.5C, could react specifically with PCV2 monoclonal antibody 6E12. The PCV2 capsid protein promoted by the vaccinia virus promoter P28 was significantly higher than P7.5, P28 was suitable for starting the target gene. After immunization in mice via recombinant swinepox virus of PCV2 inoculated vaccine, the PCV2 of the rSWPV11-28C vaccine group and commodity vaccine showed equivalent antibody levels. The successful construction of the recombinant virus provided a new direction for the prevention and control of PCV2 related diseases and other diseases in swine.

In order to enrich the basic data of buffalo parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) gene, the CDS region of buffalo PTH1R was cloned, and the sequence was analyzed by bioinformatics method in this study. Primers sequence were designed according to cDNA sequence of cattle PTH1R gene in GenBank (accession No:NM_001075332.1) by Primer Premier 5.0 software. The CDS region in buffalo PTH1R gene was cloned by PCR amplification and nucleic acid sequencing technology. The primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, physicochemical properties, homology were analyzed and phylogenetic tree of PTH1R was constructed by DNAMAN, ProtParam, SOPMA and PSORTⅡ prediction softwares. The results showed that the length of PTH1R gene in buffalo was 2 283 bp, the CDS region was 1 770 bp, GenBank accession No.was MF380401, encoding 589 amino acids. The homology of buffalo PTH1R gene CDS region compared to cattle, pigs, horses, goats, sheep and camels were 99.4%, 93.2%, 93.5%, 95.3%, 98.1% and 93.9%, respectively. There was a high homology among different species, and phyletic evolution was in accordance with their genetic relationship. The research indicated that PTH1R gene was conservative in the course of evolution. Analysis of physicochemical properties of protein showed that PTH1R protein molecular formula was C₂₉₉₆H₄₆₁₆N₇₉₂O₈₂₃S₃₀, the molecular weight was 65 860.22 u, the half-life was 30 h, theoretical electrical points (pI) was 8.37, the extinction coefficient of water solution at 280 nm was 117 770, the peptide chain N-terminal was M (Met), the unstable coefficient was 43.36, belong to the basic unstable protein. The fat coefficient of PTH1R protein was 88.61, and the total average hydrophilicity was 0.007, belongs to insoluble protein. The secondary structure analysis showed that the buffalo PTH1R gene protein contained 218 α-helixes, 114 extended strands, 44 β-turns and 213 random colis, and consistent with the tertiary structure prediction. PTH1R gene coding region was conservative in the course of long-term biological evolution. This results provided a theoretical basis for revealing the genetic characteristics of buffalo PTH1R gene.

This study was aimed to clone and express groEL gene of Burkholderia pseudomallei, and perform the bioinformatics analysis of groEL protein. The genome DNA of the bacteria was extracted as the template, a pair of primers were designed with reference to the groEL gene sequence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in GenBank. The groEL gene fragment of 1 641 bp was amplified by PCR, and ligated into pMD19-T vector to construct pMD19-T-groEL recombinant plasmid. The recombinant plasmid pET-28a(+)-groEL was constructed by digestion with BamHⅠand Hind Ⅲ. The correct pET-28a(+)-groEL was transformed into E.coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells and induced by IPTG. Protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. DNAMAN and BioEdit softwares were used to perform the bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that groEL gene of Burkholderia pseudomallei was successfully cloned and expressed. The fusion protein was about 64 ku. The formular of GroEL protein was C₄₅₁₀H₇₃₈₁N₁₆₄₁O₁₈₄₀S₅₂₁, the molecular mass was 15 893, the extinction coefficient was 32 500, the instability index was 40.31, and the average hydrophilicity was 0.901. The alpha helix (Hh), extended chain (Ee) and random coil (Cc) accounted for 48.71%, 13.19% and 38.10%,respectively. This results laid a foundation for the further study of molecular mechanism of Burkholderia pseudomallei groEL gene.

In order to understand the epidemic situation of avian influenza virus (AIV) in Sino-Vietnamese border Guangxi, we carried out surveillance of avian influenza in the live poultry market in this region. A strain of H1N6 subtype AIV A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016 was isolated from live-bird market in Guangxi-Vietnam border areas. HA and NA genes were sequenced and the genetic analysis of isolate was made with other sequences available in GenBank. The results indicated that HA gene showed 96.9% nucleotide homology with A/sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2), and NA gene showed 98.2% nucleotide homology with A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016(H5N6). The sequence analysis of HA gene showed that the virus was categorized as low pathogenic AIV, with the typical HA gene cleavage site of PSIQSR↓GLF. As the same with other N6 isolates, there were 11 amino acids missing. In addition, the receptor affinity of the isolate was also tested in this study. The result showed that the virus preferentially bind to the sialic acid α-2,3-Gal receptor. These data indicated that A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016 could be low pathogenic AIV and recombinant from different subtype of AIV.

This study was aimed to clone melanocortin-4 receptor(MC4R) gene of Luchuan pig and analyze its genetic structure with bioinformatic software. The recombination plasmid pMD18-T-MC4R was constructed with RT-PCR and cloning methods, and detected by colony PCR and sequencing. After successfully constructed the recombination plasmid pMD18-T-MC4R, the further analysis of physical and chemical properties, structure of protein and modification and the subcellular localization were proceeded. The results showed that the cloned MC4R gene fragment included a 999 bp whole length CDS and encoded 332 amino acids. Compared with MC4R gene of Sus scrofa submission in NCBI, there were four base mutations of MC4R gene in Luchuan pig, two mutations at 175 and 906 bp were the same sense mutations,the other two mutations at 110 and 278 bp were the mis-sense mutations, causing glutamic acid converted to glycine and valine converted to alanine in 37 and 93 amino acid residues, respectively. Homology analysis indicated that MC4R was evolutionarily conserved in different species. Seven transmembrane helical regions, several N-glycosylation sites and distinct hydrophobic region were found, but no signal peptide and potential phosphorylation exited in MC4R protein, which might distribute mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuolar. The elements in the second structure of encoded protein were α-helix, extended strand,β-turn and random coil. The Luchuan pig MC4R gene was successfully cloned in this study, and provided a foundation for further studying on developing and utilizing the local species Luchuan pig and its breeding.

This study was aimed to clone the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3(IFITM3) gene of Luhua chicken and analyze its genetic structure with bioinformatics. One pair of special primers were designed according to predicted sequence of chicken IFITM3 gene in GenBank (accession No.:NM_001350061.1). The IFITM3 gene of Luhua chicken was amplified by RT-PCR, the physicochemical property and secondary structure of IFITM3 gene were systemically analyzed by bioinformatics. The results showed that the IFITM3 gene fragment included a 414 bp whole length CDS (coding 137 bp amino acids), and the gene sequence homology was above 99.9% comparison with the sequence published in GenBank (accession No.:NM_001350061.1). The molecular weight, isoelectric point, instability index and fat coefficient of IFITM3 were 14.95 ku,6.89,33.98 and 103.14, respectively. The prediction result of IFITM3 gene structure showed that IFITM3 had no signal peptide but had three obvious hydrophobic domains, and the average hydrophobic index was 0.300. The two transmembrane domains might locate in the 46 to 68 and 101 to 123 amino acids across the online TMHMM 2.0 software. The prediction of secondary structure revealed that some α-helixes and β-sheets exist in IFITM3 protein while random coil was major pattern. The results suggested that the whole CDS sequence of Luhua chicken IFITM3 gene was successfully cloned, which provided foundation for further studying on the function and antiviral molecular mechanisms of Luhua chicken IFITM3 protein.

The ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) is the most important pathway for protein degradation in the organism,and UPP is also related with many diseases,it plays a very important role in the organism which mainly degrade misfolded proteins. UPP is a circular pathway, its main function begins with the activation of ubiquitin(Ub), and the process is a cascade process that regulated by the ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1,in yeast is UbE1), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2,UbE2), ubiquitin ligase enzyme (E3,UbE3) and deubiquitinating enzymes(DUBs).Eventually make the protein substrate that labeled by polyubiquitination degrad into oligopeptides in UPP protein hydrolysis core 26S proteasome. The oligopeptides can be reused by organisms,and the Ub was removed by DUBs for the next UPP cycle. And the studies have shown that UPP plays an important role in ascidians and some mammalian in vitro fertilization (IVF) process, it can participate in sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction(AR), promote sperm acrosome exocytosis, degrade zona pellucida (ZP) protein in the process of sperm-oocyte binding, help sperm penetrate oocytes ZP, promote the fusion of sperm and oocytes ZP, so to promote the success of the IVF. And by adding some UPP related antibody or inhibitors in the IVF solution can inhibit polyspermy in the process of IVF, to improve the IVF rates. The authors mainly describes the main components of UPP and its auxiliary functions for IVF, and the research progress of the related antibody. This review may provide some theoretical basis for the future research of the mechanism of UPP cycle in organism, the relationships with various diseases in the organism, the mechanism in IVF process and the inhibition of polyspermy.

The rabbit models of osteochondral defects were established and two methods of treatment with external injection of sodium hyaluronate and subchondral bone drilling were adopted, the repair effect and early repair mechanism of these two methods were compared to provide experimental basis for clinical application. The models of articular cartilage injury in 36 Harbin White rabbits were set up and randomly allocated to three groups:Self-healing group (negative control), medication group (sodium hyaluronate injection) and drilling group (subchondral bone drilling). Rabbits from each group were sacrificed 1, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after operation, RT-PCR method was adopted to detect Col Ⅰ, Col Ⅱ, Col Ⅹ, Agg, and Runx2 genes expression of repaired articular cartilage tissues; Postoperative 8 weeks, cartilage specimen were observed with HE staining, safranin green staining and toluidine blue staining to analyze the repair effect and repair mechanism of the three groups. The results showed that the cartilage damage of the two experimental groups were significantly repaired, staining showed that the chondrocytes in repaired tissues increased with typical cartilage lacuna like structure, the positive staining of medication group was better than drilling group. The expression of cartilage specificity genes Agg and Col Ⅱ mRNA in medication group was significatly higher than that in drilling group (P<0.05). The expression of Col Ⅹ and Runx2 of drilling group were more active than medication group (P<0.05). The expression of major components of fibrous tissue, ColⅠ, self-healing group was the highest, then in drilling group, medication group was the lowest. The results showed that medication and drilling could repair the defects of the whole layer cartilage defects in various degrees. The main component of the restorations was fibrous tissue in self-healing group, more hyaline cartilage were produced by treated with hyaluronic acid and a thin layer of fibrous cartilage covering the surface of repair tissues in drilling group. In conclusion, in the short-term repair of bone defect, the effect of sodium hyaluronate was better than that of drilling.

In order to screen out mutant strains with high-yield carotenoid, 2 strains of marine Rhodotorula (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa J6 and Rhodotorila glutinis J2) separated and identificated from the coastal area near the Leizhou Peninsula were selected as the starting strains for the combined mutagenesis of nitroso-guanidin (NTG) and ultraviolet (UV) for three times continuously. Initially, the bacterial suspension of the starting strains was treated with NTG for 60 min, and then irradiated with UV for 120 s. After a short time of liquid culture, the suspension of each compound mutation was coated on the agar plate of red yeast, and a certain number of the first, second and third mutant strains were screened out. The mutant strains were inoculated in the red yeast fermentation medium for culturing. After cultured, centrifuged and dried, stem cells were obtained; Mutant strains with high yield carotenoids were separated out in the base of the carotenoid content in stem cells which was determined by adopting spectrophotometry. Eventually, genetic stability test was designed and executed to evaluate the prior combined mutagenesis. The results showed that the forward mutation rate of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa J6 was 56.57% (56/99), there were 3 strains in the third generation, 2 strains in the second generation and only one in the first generation among the 6 high-yield carotenoid mutants. The mutant with highest carotenoid content was Rhodotorula mucilaginosa J6-82 by 99.56% higher than that of the staring strain. Furthermore, in regarding of the Rhodotorula glutinis J2, the forward mutation rate was 53.01% (44/83). In the whole 6 high-yield carotenoid mutants, 4 strains were derived from the third generation and the others were obtained in the second generation. The mutant with the highest carotenoid content was Rhodotorula glutinis J2-75 by 93.64% higher than that of the starting strain. It was worthwhile to conclude that the methods of NTG and UV combined mutagenesis for three times implemented in this study was beneficial to the variation of marine Rhodotorula and significantly increases carotenoid content. Dramatically, the resulted mutant strains had a good genetic stability as mentioned in this paper.

The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of ruminal archaea in Murrah buffaloes and Dehong buffaloes through 16S rDNA library-based analysis.Three female Murrah buffaloes and three female Dehong buffalo were used in this study and rumen liquid were taken by stomach tube. Total DNA were extracted by phenol-chloroform-isopentanol extraction method. Primers of Met86F/Met1340R were used to amplify the 16S rDNA of archaea for the construction of library. The results showed that 96 sequences were obtained from each library of Murrah buffaloes and Dehong buffaloes. Based the 97% similarity,sequences of Murrah buffaloes and Dehong buffaloes were assigned to 27 and 14 OTUs,respectively.For Dehong buffaloes,82 sequences showed ≥ 97% similarity to known species,14 sequences had the similarity to known species in the range of 89% to 97%. For Murrah buffaloes,94 sequences showed ≥ 97% similarity to known species,only two sequences had 94% (< 97%) similarity to known species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sequences were assigned into two large clades. There were 13 OTUs representative sequences from Dehong buffaloes and 7 OTUs representative sequences from Murrah buffaloes assigned into the same clade on the top of the phylogenetic tree and far from all known species. They might be represented new genus or species in Methanobacteriales order in the rumen of Murrah buffaloes and Dehong buffaloes. The SGMT clade sequence and RO clade sequence percentage in Dehong buffaloes and Murrah buffaloes were 83.3% and 9.4%, 51.0% and 9.4%,respectively.It could be concluded that Methanobacteriales order was the dominant archaea in the rumen of Murrah buffaloes and Dehong buffaloes. There were more unknown methanogen sequences and SGMT clade sequences in Dehong buffaloes than Murrah buffaloes under the same diet.

To identify the factor affecting skinfold thickness and to explore the effects of skinfold thickness on the lactation performance of Holstein,the neck skinfold thickness and rib skinfold thickness were measured using a digital display caliper while the body condition score (BCS) of tested Holstein was evaluated, and Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) records at the month when skinfold thickness was measured were collected. Finally,records of 2 519 milking cows were used in the analysis. The fixed effect model were used to analyze the effects of parity,farm,measurer, lactation stage and BCS on skinfold thickness,and the model analyzing the effects of skinfold thickness on the milk performance also included the above mentioned fixed effects. The results showed that parity farm,measurer,lactation stage and BCS had extremely significant effects on the skinfold thickness (P < 0.01).The neck skinfold thickness had significant impacts on the daily milk yield and milk fat percentage (P < 0.05),but no significant impacts on milk protein percentage and milk urea nitrogen (P > 0.05), while the rib skinfold thickness did not have significant impact on the milk performance (P > 0.05). The highest milk yield could be derived when the neck skinfold thickness was 7.20 mm and the lowest milk fat percentage could be derived when the neck skinfold thickness was 6.00 mm. This study intensively illustrated the factors affecting the skinfold thickness in different regions of body during the entire lactation period and explored the impacts of skinfold thickness in different regions of body on the lactation performance in Holstein population,which could provide a theory basis for utilizing skinfold thickness to improve the management in dairy farm.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary arginine (Arg) levels on angiopoiesis related genes and proteins expression in the follicle membranes of laying ducks. 396 healthy Longyan laying ducks at 15 weeks of age with similar body weight were randomly assigned into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 22 birds per replicate. All laying ducks were offered a basal diet (0.66% Arg) without Arg supplementation for 2 weeks. And then were fed the experimental diets supplemented with 0,0.4% and 0.8% Arg in the form of L-arginine hydrochloride (L-Arg·HCl),which contained 0.66%,1.06% and 1.46% Arg,respectively. The experiment lasted for 17 weeks. The results showed as follows:①The LDL-C and NO concentration of laying ducks in 1.06% and 1.46% Arg groups were significantly higher than that in 0.66% Arg group (P < 0.05).②Compared to the 0.66% Arg group, the mRNA abundance of the homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) were significantly increased in the F2 large yellow follicle membranes of laying ducks fed diets with 1.06% and 1.46% Arg (P < 0.05). The mRNA abundance of angiogenin 1 (Ang1) in the F2 large yellow follicle membranes of 1.46% Arg group was significantly higher than that in 0.66% and 1.06% Arg groups (P < 0.05).③The protein abundance of the HIPK2 and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in the F2 large yellow follicle membranes of laying ducks fed diets with 1.06% and 1.46% Arg were significantly higher than those fed 0.66% Arg (P < 0.05). In conclusion,dietary Arg level of 1.46% that achieved by supplementing the basal diet with 0.8% L-Arg·HCl could improve angiopoiesis probably by activating HIPK2 and TGFβ1 in TGFβ signaling pathway,and increase blood flow to facilitate vitellogenesis in the large yellow follicles of Longyan laying ducks.

This experiment was aimed to explore the effects of diets with different energy levels on growth performance and slaughter performance of culling Holstein heifers. Twenty-four selected culling Holstein heifers in healthy condition with 466 kg average body weight and similar shape were randomly divided into three groups with eight heads per group:Group Ⅰ (low energy level),group Ⅱ (medium energy level) and group Ⅲ (high energy level). The three groups were fed diets with different energy levels. The experiment was consisted of earlier stage and later stage,and the crude protein of three groups in earlier stage were 12.50%,and energy levels were (NE_mf) 6.80,7.00 and 7.20 MJ/kg,respectively,while the crude protein was 12.00%,and energy levels (NE_mf) were 6.90,7.10 and 7.30 MJ/kg in later stage.The experiment was lasted for 100 d. The results showed that:①The average daily gain of group Ⅱ was the highest, increased by 4.76% (P > 0.05) and 43.48% (P < 0.05) than groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ,respectively. And the average dry matter intake of group Ⅱ were the highest and the F/G was the lowest,which were extremely significantly different from that of group Ⅲ (P < 0.01).②The increase of dietary energy levels could significantly increase the content of glucose and cholesterol in serum (P < 0.05), reduce the content of beta hydroxybutyric acid (P < 0.01).③The slaughter rate,net meat rate, marbling and backfat thickness of group Ⅲ were the highest. There was a significant difference of slaughter rate when compared with other groups (P < 0.05).The marbling and back fat thickness of group Ⅲ were significantly different with that of group Ⅰ (P < 0.05),but there was no significantly difference between group Ⅲ and group Ⅱ (P > 0.05).In cluclusion,improving the energy levels of diets could significantly increase the average daily gain and slaughter rate of culling Holstein heifers,and it also helped to decrease F/G,promote the fat deposition and improve the meat quality. Under the conditions of this experiment it was more appropriate to feed the culling Holstein heifers according to the standard of group Ⅱ (medium energy level). The appropriate energy and protein levels:In the earlier stage,NE_mf 7.00 MJ/kg and CP 12.50%;In the later stage,NE_mf 7.10 MJ/kg and CP 12.00%.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratios of crop stalks (potato vine, buckwheat straw, soybean straw, wheatgrass) and alfalfa on the associative effects (AE) of diets in vitro. Concentrate supplement:straw:alfalfa were 40:60:0, 40:50:10, 40:40:20, 40:30:30, 40:20:40, 40:10:50 and 40:0:60,while the concentrate-roughage ratio (C:R) was 40:60. Gas production (GP) was recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The AE was defined as the difference between the observed in vitro GP_{24 h} and the predicted value from individual feed fermented alone. The results showed as follows:For potato vine, the AE of 0, 10, 30 potato vine groups were greater, and the AE of 0 potato vine group was significantly greater than 50 potato vine group (P < 0.05). The AE of all groups of both buckwheat straw and soybean straw were not significantly different (P > 0.05). For buckwheat straw, the AE of 20, 30, 40, 50 buckwheat straw groups were greater according to gas parameters in vitro, especially 40 buckwheat straw group. For soybean straw, the AE of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 soybean straw groups were greater, especially the group of 50 soybean straw group. For wheatgrass, the AE of 10, 20 wheatgrass groups were greater, and they were extremely significantly greater than 50 and 60 wheatgrass groups (P < 0.01), 10 wheat grass group was significantly greater than 40 wheatgrass group (P < 0.05), 30 wheatgrass group was extremely significantly greater than 60 wheatgrass group (P < 0.01), and 0 wheatgrass group was significantly greater than 60 wheatgrass group (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the AE would be better when high levels of alfalfa and low levels of potato vine (0, 10, 30) or wheatgrass (10, 20) were combined, and low levels of alfalfa and high levels of soybean straw (50) or buckwheat straw (40) were combined.

This experiment was conducted to research the effects of different attractants on growth performance,apparent nutrient digestibility and some serum hormones in Angus calves. In the single factor random grouping test,24 6-month-old Angus calves with the average weight of 165.1 kg±35.5 kg in good body condition were randomly divided into 4 treatments of groups A,B,C and D with 6 duplications per treatment. Group A was control group,fed with standard total mixed ration (TMR). Groups B,C and D was fed with TMR+0.24% green pigment,TMR+1.2 g/d XTRACT^® 7065 and TMR+0.4% sodium cyclamate. The premilinary trial lasted for 10 d and trial period was 30 d. The results showed that:Compared with control group,The ADMI of test groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05).All the three tested attractants could promote the apparent nutrient digestibility to varying degrees,and ADF apparent digestibility in group B was significantly higher than that of other two test groups (P < 0.05);NDF apparent digestibility of group B was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05);There was no significant difference in the levels of serum NPY and serum 5-HT among the groups (P > 0.05).Compared with the control group,the NPY level in groups B and D were higher,but that in group C was lower;The 5-HT level in groups B and D were lower,while that in group C was higher.In conclusion,the addition of green agents,fragrances and sweeteners in the diet could improve the growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of calves,green agents and sodium cyclamate could increase the serum NPY level,and XTRACT^® 7065 could increase the serum 5-HT level.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different forms of linseed oil supplementation on the growth performance,slaughter performance and serum biochemical indexes relevant to blood lipid metabolism of mutton sheep.Twenty-four F2 male lambs of heathy Dorper (♂)×Small-tailed Han sheep (♀) with similar body weight were allocated into four groups with six sheep per group according to the single-factor completely random design. The control (CON) group was fed with basal diet,the experimental group was fed with linseed oil (LO),linseed (L) and linseed oil microcapsule (LOM) with 4% oil as equivalent added in the diet,respectively.The results showed that:①The addition of linseed and linseed oil microcapsules could improve the growth performance and slaughter performance of sheep,and the ADG of L and LOM groups were significantly higher than LO group (P < 0.05);②The backfat thickness of LOM group was significantly higher than CON and L groups (P < 0.05),while there were no significant difference of the other slaughter performance indexes among groups (P > 0.05);③The TC and LDL-C and HDL-C were significantly higher in experimental groups than that of control group (P < 0.05),and the INS concentration of L and LO groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.05),different forms of linseed oil increased the content of TG,GLU and LEP in serum, while there were no significant differences among all groups (P > 0.05);The effect of different forms of linseed oil on rumen pH was not significant (P > 0.05), nevertheless LOM group could significantly increase rumen NH₃-N and MCP content (P < 0.05).In conclusion,different forms of linseed oil did not have a negative effect on blood lipid metabolism,adding linseed oil could increase serum TC,LDL-C and HDL-C, and reduce the INS concentration;Dietary direct addition of linseed oil would have a certain adverse effect on the production of sheep reducing the ADG and MCP concentration. Adding flaxseed and linseed oil microcapsules could improve the growth performance and rumen fermentation function of sheep,and the effects of the latter was better.

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of different Chinese herbal compound on growth performance and serum biochemistry indexes of weaned Rex rabbits. A total of 120 35 day-old weaned Rex rabbits with (700±50) g average body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 repetitions per group and 10 weaned Rex rabbits per repetition. The Rex rabbits in group Ⅰ(control group) was fed with basal diet,while that in groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅵ fed with basal diet containing 1% of Jianpi Wan,1% Shenqi decoction and 1% Jiawei Sijunzi decoction,respectively. Then the effect of different Chinese herbal compound on growth performance,diarrhea rate and serum biochemical indexes of weaned Rex rabbits were determined. The experiment lasted for 30 d with 7 d adjustment period.The result showed that the diarrhea frequency of groups Ⅲ and Ⅵ was significantly lower than the group Ⅰ (P < 0.05);The F/G of group Ⅵ was extremely significantly lower than that of group Ⅲ during the experiment period of 0 to 15 d (P < 0.01). And during the experiment period of 15~30 d,the ADG of group Ⅵ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅱ (P < 0.05),the F/G of groups Ⅲ and Ⅵ were significantly lower than that of group Ⅰ (P < 0.05).In the 15th day of the experiment,the serum BUN of group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅵ (P < 0.05), the serum GLU levels of group Ⅵ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P < 0.01) and group Ⅱ (P < 0.05).The TG of group Ⅵ was significantly higher than groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P < 0.05).In the 30th day of the experiment,the serum TP content of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than that of group Ⅵ (P < 0.01) and group Ⅲ(P < 0.05). In summary,the basal diet supplemented with 1% Jiawei Sijunzi decoction or 1% Shenqi decoction could efficiently reduce the diarrhea rate of weaned Rex rabbit,improve growth performance and disease resistance,and the effects of Jiawei Sijunzi decoction was better.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSHβ) and nuclear receptor coactivator 1 (NCOA1) genes on reproductive traits of pink eye White mink. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in 215 individuals by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)and DNA sequencing, correlation analysis were carried out between candidate gene polymorphisms and reproductive traits using the appropriate model, the effects of different genotypes on reproductive traits, including total number born (TNB) and number born alive (NBA), were analyzed by the least square analysis of SAS 9.4 software. The results showed that two polymorphic sites were found in FSHβ gene, g.1228G > A in intron 1, g.1866 T > C in exon 2. One SNP was found in NCOA1 gene, g.151536T > C in exon 6. B allele of FSHβ gene was predominant allele, A allele of NCOA1 gene was predominant allele; TNB and NBA of AA and AB genotypes in FSHβ g.1228G > A site were extremely significantly higher than BB genotype (P < 0.01); The TNB and NBA for g.1866 > C site genotypes were BB > AB > AA; TNB and NBA of NACOA1 gene AB genotype was extremely significantly higher than AA genotype (P < 0.01); The combing genotypes of 151536T > C-g.1228G > A were significant differences in TNB and NBA (P < 0.05). Therefore, these SNPs could be used for marker assist selection on reproduction traits of the pink eyed White mink.

Orf disease, an important zoonotic infectious disease, is caused by the Orf virus (ORFV), which was worldwide distribution and causing serious public health impacts. In order to know the origin, molecular epidemiology and systematic research information of ORFV of China, 82 Chinese ORFV strains were retrieved and performed the genetic phylogenetic analysis,and the homologous alignment of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of ORFV011(B2L), ORFV020(VIR), ORFV059 (F1L) and ORFV127 (vIL-10) were analyzed using DNAStar and Mega 5.0 softwares, the phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results showed that the ORFV011 (B2L) and ORFV059 (F1L) sequences of 82 ORFV strains shared 95.9% to 100% and 94.5% to 100% nucleotide identities and 86.5% to 100% and 94.0% to 100% deduced amino acid identities, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chinese ORFV strains with different region clustered in different branch, even in the same provinces. These results indicated that ORFV strains in China did not form a unique cluster having possibility of mutation occurrence at any time and other worldwide ORFV strains showed variation circulating in China. This was the important obstacles for prevention and control of ORFV. These results provided the basic data for prevention of Orf disease and development of effective vaccine.

In this study, the PCR-RFLP and Real-time quantitative PCR assays were performed to explore the tissue expression patterns of myxo-virus resistance 1 (Mx1) gene and identify the poly-morphisms of Mx1 gene exon 14 in Dongchuan pig. The results demonstrated that there was a G36T mutation at the Hin6 Ⅰ restriction site of Mx1 gene exon 14. Furthermore, three genotypes were detected and named as AA, AB and BB, AB genotype was the dominant genotype and A was the dominant gene. Genetic polymorphism analysis showed that the polymorphism information content (PIC) value of Mx1 gene in Dongchuan pig was 0.360, which displayed moderate polymorphism. The Mx1 gene had higher expression levels in lymphatic, lung, spleen, duodenum, jejunum and ileum.This study preliminarily revealed the polymorphism distribution of Mx1 gene exon 14 in Dongchuan pig, and provided a reference for its feasibility as an effective genetic marker. In addition, the high expression of Mx1 gene in the immune tissues might be associated with the resistance to pathogenic infections.

The correlation between 2 microsatellite loci linked to the HSP70 gene and transport stress traits in beef cattle was analyzed in this study.120 12-month old health Simmental crossbred beef cattle with 250 kg average body weight were used in transport stress test. Two microsatellite loci (BMS468 and BM1258) linked to HSP70 gene mapped to chromosome 23 were selected to study genetic polymorphisms in Simmental crossbred beef cattle population, the relation between microsatellite polymorphisms and transport stress traits were also analyzed by least square fitting general linear model. The results showed that:In BMS468 microsatellite locus,five alleles were detected (128,134,140,146 and 154 bp), the dominant allele was 128 and 134 bp,the effective allele number (Ne),polymorphism information content (PIC) and genetic heterozygosity (He) were 3.66,0.68 and 0.73,respectively.The correlation analysis showed that BMS468 microsatellite locus had a significant effect on the 7 d (after transport) average daily gain and disease incidence,the 7 d (after transport) average daily gain of 128/128 bp genotype was the highest (P < 0.05),and the disease incidence of 134/128 bp genotype was the lowest (P < 0.05).In BM1258 microsatellite locus, six alleles were detected (99,101,103,113,117 and 119 bp), the dominant allele was 101 bp,the Ne,PIC and He were 4.30,0.73 and 0.77,respectively. The correlation analysis showed that BM1258 microsatellite locus had a significant effect on the disease incidence (P < 0.05),and the disease incidence of 99/99 bp genotype was the lowest (P < 0.05).In conclusion,the 2 microsatellite loci with a rich genetic polymorphisms were valuable potential genetic markers for marker-assisted selection of anti-transport stress traits in beef cattle,providing the scientific basis for the markers selection for the anti-transport stress characteristics of cattle.

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is an analytical method, has been used to study candidate of economical traits in animals. In recent years, with the completion of the whole genome sequencing for livestock, a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified. GWAS is also more and more applied in the field of important traits for livestock. Finding important SNPs that control the important economic traits of livestock by GWAS analysis to unearth candidate genes for important economic traits in animal genetics and breeding. This paper reviews the GWAS analysis methods and it's research progress in important livestock breeding. Statistical analysis methods include genommic control, stratification analysis, principal components analysis (PAC) and mixed-linear-model association (MLMA). The methods of pathway analysis include non-nuclear methods (gene enrichment analysis (GSEA) and hierarchical Bayes prioritization (HBP)) and algorithms. This review will provide reference for further research on genetic background of the important traits of livestock by GWAS.

In order to screen the inactivated strain of bovine capsular type A Pasteurella multocida, which was fast, virulent, immunogenicity and small side reaction, six strains of bovine capsular type A Pasteurella multocida were collected in different areas. The growth curve of the medium, the virulence of mice, the content of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the antibody titer in mice and rabbits immunized with the inactivated bacteria of each strain were determined, and the attack protection test was carried out. The results showed that the growth rate of Pm2, Pm3 and Pm5 isolates were faster, the virulence were stronger and the LPS content were higher. All of them contained ptfA and fimA genes related to virulence and immunity. No significant adverse reactions were found in immunized mice and rabbits, the serum antibody was 1:64 to 1:128 after 14 days of the second immunization, and all animals tested survived after virulent challenge, that in the PBS control group were all died. The results indicated that Pm2, Pm3 and Pm5 could be used as Pm inactivated vaccine candidate strains, and of which Pm3 was the preferred strain.

In order to determine the cause of disease in tilapia, the dying fish was carried out in sterile, a strain of bacterium (GXKJDX111) was isolated from the heart, through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical identification and 16S rDNA analysis, we identified the isolate as Citrobacter freundii, the results of drug sensitivity test showed that the isolate had very strong resistance, among the 20 kinds of drugs tested, the isolate was resistant to 13 kinds of drugs, including enrofloxacin, penicillin and so on, and had the sensitivity to 5 kinds of medicines, including ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefadroxil, piperacillin, Shubactam etc. Artificial infection showed that the bacterium had strong pathogenicity to grass carp, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, tilapia and Procyprismerus. The result clarified the causes of the prevalence of tilapia, and could guide the farmers to use drugs reasonablely in the breeding process.

In order to investigate the prevalence and distribution of canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) infections in pet dogs in Chengdu area, 420 samples of nasal cotton swabs were collected from dogs with respiratory signs in eight animal hospitals in Chengdu area, and the molecular detection were carried out using the RT-PCR assay. From 420 samples, 213 samples were detected as CDV positive with the positive rate of 50.71%, and 247 samples were detected as CRCoV positive with the positive rate of 58.81%; The positive rate of mixed detection of CDV and CRCoV was 41.19%. The results indicated that the infection of CDV and CRCoV in pet dogs in Chengdu area was serious, and the mixed infection rate was also high. The detection rate of CDV and CRCoV in pet dogs was different from age, sex, variety, season and immunity. The detection rates of CDV and CRCoV in 1 to 3 month-old puppies were the highest, up to 74.40% and 79.20%, respectively; And in purebred dogs were 59.37% and 62.22%, respectively, which were higher than other varieties; The detection rate of CDV was higher up to 56.19% in spring, however the detection rate of CRCoV was higher up to 67.59% in winter. The detection rates of CDV and CRCoV in non-vaccinated dogs were higher than other dogs which were 64.42% and 63.46%, respectively. This study enriched the epidemiological data of CDV and CRCoV in pet dogs,and provided basic data for diagnosis and control of CDV and CRCoV infections in pet dogs in Chengdu area.

To compare and evaluate the different methods for detection Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum) antibody, and to provide scientific guidance for the purification of breeding chicken farms, SPF chickens were inoculated with active and inactivated S. Pullorum. Serum samples were collected and detected by three different methods (rapid serum agglutination, micro-agglutination and ELISA), and Kappa test was applied to determine the concordance among different methods. The results showed that positive samples were detected earlier when using rapid serum agglutination than ELISA, but the later method had a longer detection period above the threshold on positive samples, which was more consistent with the dynamic rule of antibody in S. Pullorum positive chickens. It showed weak agreement among three different methods (Kappa value were 0.002 to 0.295). In conclusion, the study demonstrated that there were big differences among three methods for S. Pullorum antibody detection. ELISA might be the best choice in single S. Pullorum infection, because of its no false positive interference, longer detection period above the threshold on S. Pullorum positive samples and more consistent with the dynamic rule of antibody.

In order to investigate the serotype distribution and drug resistance of Streptococcus suis in Henan province. Isolation and culture,biochemical and PCR identification of suspected Streptococcus suis were performed on disease materials collected from pig farms in Henan province from May 2016 to May 2017. Identification of serum groups and serotype and the susceptibility test of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 was carried out.The results showed that 189 strains Streptococcus suis were identified,the epidemic group of Streptococcus suis in Henan province was mainly D group, followed by G and C groups; The predominant serotypes were type 2, type 7, type 9 and type 1. Among them, 87 strains were Streptococcus suis type 2. More than 90% of the isolates were susceptible to beta lactams (penicillin G, amoxicillin and cephalosporins), chloramphenicol, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin, and more than 40% strains were resistant to doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, clindamycin, streptomycin, minocycline resistance. These results had practical significance for guiding the use of sensitive drugs in the pig farm, controlling the epidemic situation, reducing the loss, and guiding to choose the vaccine with the same serotype.

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of different antischizophrenic drugs on the aggressive behavior of Turpan cockfighting. A total of 36 cockfightings were randomly divided into 12 groups,and four antipsychotic drugs of risperidone,aripiprazole,trazodone hydrochloride,sertraline hydrochloride were selected,and each drug was given a low dose group (L),normal dose group (N) and high dose group (H) with daily artificial oral medication. Respectively,at the 1,2,5,8,11 and 14 days,the blood samples were collected from wing vein,and the mRNA expression of 5-HTT and TPH1 genes in the blood of Turpan cockfighting at various stages of oral administration in different drugs doses were measured by quantitative Real-time PCR. The results showed that the expression change of 5-HTT and TPH1 genes mRNA in the blood of the risperidone group and aripiprazole group were similar. The overall 5-HTT gene showed a downward trend,and the TPH1 gene showed increased volatility,and the expression of TPH1 gene mRNA in risperidone group was higher than that in aripiprazole group.The expression of 5-HTT gene mRNA in the trazodone hydrochloride group and sertraline hydrochloride group increased linearly from the 5th day and peaked at the 14th day, and the TPH1 gene in the sertraline hydrochloride group was slightly up-regulated,but there was no obvious change in the trazodone hydrochloride group. It was suggested that the molecular influencing factors of the decrease in the aggressive behavior of risperidone and aripiprazole groups were related to the low expression of 5-HTT gene in the blood,and the results of this study could provide an important reference for further study on the molecular mechanism of the drug affecting the aggressive behavior of Turpan cockfighting.

PEDV,TGEV and PoRV are the main pathogenies of porcine viral diarrhea that endanger the healthy development of swine industry,which are characterized by vomiting,severe diarrhea and dehydration, the morbidity and mortality of suckling piglets is higher,and the incidence of diarrhea is lower in replacement gilts,sows or fattening pigs. Especially since 2010, the prevalence of PEDV mutant strains has had a serious impact on the global swine industry,but the control measures can not been able to cope with the new epidemic situation. In recent years, many new techniques or methods have been applied to the control of swine viral diarrhea caused by PEDV, TGEV and PoRV. Based on the analysis of genetic variation and epidemic status of three kinds of viruses,this paper reviewed the prevention and control measures from the aspects of feeding management,immunization prevention, traditional Chinese medicine therapy,interference therapy,specific therapy and return therapy.

The aim of this study was to understand the composition and structural characteristics of soil microbial of Rana dybowskii, changes in microbes after spraying probiotics and the number of potential pathogens. Three experimental groups were set up:Breeding farm group,probiotics spraying group and semi-artificial breeding group. And high-throughput sequencing was used for detection. A total of 191 588 valid sequences and 1 369 OTUs were obtained from three experimental groups, which belonged to 438 genera and 29 phyla by taxonomy. The number of bacteria in three groups was relatively large, and the diversity level was relatively high. The dominant bacteria on phylum level were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes;The dominant bacteria on genus level were Flavobacterium, Thermomonas, Sphingopyxis, Porphyrobacter and norank_c__Cyanobacteria. The diversity of microbial community among the groups did not reach the significant level. The similarity of the microbial communities was high. The potential red-leg syndrome pathogenic bacteria in the soil were Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Chryseobacterium and Pseudomonas. The changes of soil microbes after spraying probiotics were not obvious. This study provided the basis theory for comprehensively understanding the composition and variation of soil microbes of the Rana dybowskii farm, exploring the types of beneficial microorganisms and the prevention and treatment of Rana dybowskii.

To explore the characteristics of air microorganism of piggery with microbial fermentation bed, and provide theoretical basis for the assessment of air quality of microbial fermentation bed, air samples were collected by the method of natural sedimentation. Air microorganism were cultured and identified based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis for investigating the diversity of piggery air microorganism. More than 60 strains were isolated and sequenced. Ultimately, 27 species were selected for subsequent analysis. The results showed that, among these 27 species, there were 14 Bacillus (51.9%), 5 Pseudomonas (18.5%), 4 Staphylococcus (14.8%), 1 Ochrobactrum, 1 Paenibacillus, 1 Lysinibacillus and 1 Luteimonas. 5 species of opportunistic pathogen and 6 species of organic degradation bacteria were found among these airborne bacteria. The airborne microbes were significantly clustered into 6 categories by SPSS analysis:Bacteria only distrusted in downwind piggery, bacteria only distrusted in windward piggery, bacteria only distrusted in outside piggery, bacteria distrusted in both windward and downwind piggery, bacteria distrusted in both downwind and outside piggery, and bacteria distrusted in all these three places.The species of airborne bacteria in downwind piggery were more than those of outside piggery and windward piggery. There were 20 species in downwind piggery, including 15 specific species. The adjacent locations had similar microbial composition because the microorganisms transported in the form of aerosol. Microbial fermentation bed has rich diversity of air microbial taxa, and the distributions of air microbial are affected by the wind.

As an advantaged group of demersal polychaete animals, Nereis diversicolor is widely used in ecological remediation. Shrimp pond has long-term cultivation in high density, and the problems such as substrate aging and deterioration of water quality exist, leading to the popularity of shrimp disease and creating massive loss. The overall quality of sedimentary environments clearly determines the outcomes of shrimp cultivation. Putting a certain density of Nereis diversicolor (N. diversicolor) in the shrimp pond can effectively relieve accumulation in the harmful materials. With the increased utilization of the internet of things (IoT) in aquiculture, aquacultural informatization will become a trend in the future. Beginning with a discussion on the ecological remediation function of N. diversicolor, the authors denotes the importance and necessity of mixed culture of shrimp and N. diversicolor. They designed the shrimp-N. diversicolor co-cultivation informatization breeding mode, while combining the concepts of informatization and ecologicalization with intensification. Compared with the existing traditional intensive farming, the new pattern introduces N. diversicolor to the shrimp pond, allowing it to purify itself. It utilizes the IoT technology, so as to effectively realize the integration of aquiculture and artificial intelligence. Moreover, it enhances the breeding level and quality of the aquatic products. However, the shrimp-N. diversicolor co-cultivation informatization breeding mode is now at a stage of exploration and establishment; thus, there are numerous problems and difficulties that need to be resolved and overcome in the actual production process. This paper analyzes possible difficulties that may emerge with the mode, and peers into the future of its application.

Light information is one of the most important environmental factors in nature. It regulates the physiological functions of the organism through the animal's visual system and the circadian circadian clock system. Birds are light-sensitive animals, and their photoreceptors and diurnal rhythms have a different photoreceptors and circadian rhythms on the retina and pineal glands. They receive light information (light wavelength, light period and light intensity) of the external environment through the light receptors. The different light information processing into a specific biological signal, thus affecting the body's growth and development, production performance and immune function. The authors describe the effects of different light information,such as light cycle, light intensity and light wavelength on the enhancement or inhibition of immune function in broilers, and focus on the control of different light wavelengths (light color) on the immune function mediated by melatonin using its receptor pathway and non-receptor pathway (antioxidant) in broilers. The purpose of this paper is to provide the theoretical basis for the rational use of light information in the process of modern broiler breeding.