The buffalo parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene was successfully cloned and analyzed by bioinformatics method referring to PTH gene of Bos taurus in this study,and the coding sequences (CDS) was 348 bp that encoded 115 amino acids.The CDS of the buffalo PTH gene showed 99%,93%,91%,97%,96% and 92% identity with Bos taurus, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus, Capra hircus, Ovis aries and Camelus ferus,respectively,indicating that the PTH gene was conservative in the course of evolution. The analysis of the phylogenetic tree showed that the nearest relationship existed between buffalo and Bos taurus. Three base mutations were found,two of them were synonymous mutation,one was missense mutation.Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the PTH protein of buffalo was alkaline,hydrophilic and stable whose formula was C₅₇₀ H₉₄₁ N₁₆₇ O₁₆₄ S₈,and the molecular weight was 13.01 ku.The secondary structure of PTH protein was mainly α-helices and random coil,consistent with the results of tertiary structure prediction. The results of subcellular localization showed that the PTH protein was in the cytoplasm(26.1%),mitochondria (21.7%),extracellular (including cell wall)(17.4%),endoplasmic reticulum (13.0%),nucleus (8.7%),golgi apparatus (4.3%) and others (8.7%),and the PTH might play a role of signal transducer or transcription regulation in the transport and binding,as well as cell envelope.

This study was aimed to clone porcine dynamin-2(DNM2) gene and analyze the gene structure using bioinformatics methods, the DNM2 gene mRNA level in different tissues was also investigated. We got the DNM2 gene cDNA sequence through stitching the expressed sequence tags (EST) and partial cloned sequence of DNM2 gene using RT-PCR and RACE methods. The mRNA level of porcine DNM2 gene in different tissues were detected with Real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that DNM2 gene included an 2 616 bp whole length open reading frame (encoding 871 amino acids). DNM2 had a relative molecular mass of 98 071.30 and an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.04,and there was no signal peptide and transmembrane domain, therefore, it did not belong to the secretory protein. The DNM2 second structure contained α-helix (361 amino acids), β-sheet (53 amino acids), random coil (335 amino acids) and extended chain (122 amino acids). The sequence multi-aligned results showed that porcine DNM2 gene shared 92.6%, 91.8%, 88.6% and 89.3% of similar nucleotide sequence with that of cattle, human, mouse and rat, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis showed that DNM2 gene was highly conserved among species. Real-time quantitative PCR results indicated that the expression level of DNM2 gene was relatively higher in spleen while that was relatively lower in breast, leg muscle, fallopian tube, ovary and uterus. This research could provide the basis for the further study of the biological function of DNM2 gene.

In order to get the interleukin-7 (IL-7) gene sequence of Tibetan sheep, and research the characteristics of this sequence and structure and function of encoding protein, IL-7 gene was amplified from Tibetan sheep by RT-PCR. The nucleotide sequence,amino acid sequence, homology and phylogenetic tree were analyzed by the DNAStar software. The secondary and tertiary structures, hydrophilicity, signal peptide and post-translational modification site of the encoding protein were predicted by DNAStar software and online servers. The results showed that the length of IL-7 gene was 531 bp (contained termination codon), and encoded 176 amino acids. Compared with IL-7 gene of Ovis aries, Capra hircus, Pantholops hodgsonii, Bubalus bubalis, Bos indicus, Bison bison bison, Bos taurus and Bos mutus, IL-7 gene of Tibetan sheep showed a great similarity from 97.2% to 99.8%, the amino acid sequence homology varied from 94.9% to 99.4%, and the relationship was the closest between Tibetan sheep and Ovis aries. Result from protein structure prediction indicated that the IL-7 protein was mainly composed of α-helix, it was a hydrophilic and secretory protein. Furthermore, it had six kinds of post translational modification sites, including one N-myristoylation site, one amidation site, one cAMP-and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site, three N-glycosylation sites, four protein kinase C phosphorylation sites and six casein kinase Ⅱ phosphorylation sites. These results might provide references for further study and clinical application of IL-7 gene in Tibetan sheep.

This study was aimed to constract growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) lentiviral vector,which was stably expressed in goat primary fibroblast. The CDS of sheep GDF9 gene was cloned by gene synthesis, the CDS was 1 362 bp, encoding 453 amino acids. After double enzyme digestion and ligation, the GDF9 fragment was sub-cloned into an empty lentiviral vector. The GDF9 lentiviral vector and the packaging plasmids were co-transfected into 293T cells, and the lentivirus with titer of 1×10⁶ TU/mL was obtained. The goat primary fibroblasts were transfected with GDF9 lentivirus, the red fluorescence could be observed in more than 60% of the cells, suggesting the prepared lentivirus had high infection efficiency to goat primary fibroblasts. After puromycin screening, all cells were able to observe red fluorescence. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the GDF9 expression level was higher than that of control group. The results indicated that the goat primary fibroblasts stably expressing GDF9 were successfully obtained. This results might lay a foundation for the function study of GDF9 and the goat germplasm resources innovation in the future.

In order to study the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) epidemic situation recently,small intestine tissue from piglets suspected porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) were collected in this study. The PEDV M gene was amplified using RT-PCR method and the molecular characterization were analysed. The results showed that the ORF of M gene was 681 bp which encoded 226 amino acids. The percent identity of M gene amino acid between PEDV in this study and reference strains in GenBank were higher than 96.0%,and that with CH/SD-M/2012 strain was highest (96.9%).The phylogenetic tree based on the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Minimum-Evolution (ME) showed that the PEDV in this study was closely related to CH/SD-M/2012 strain which were belonged to the same evolutionary branch. The phylogenetic tree analysis illustrated that M gene of PEDV was relatively conservative. The results of homology modeling analysis found that crystal model of M protein was similar to coronavirus nsp14-nsp10 complex 5c8s.1 and NAD kinase Ⅰ 2i1w.1.B which shared 27.69% and 15.07% sequence similarity,respectively. The protein structure prediction analysis found seven α-helix structures located in 110 to 113,118 to 125,132 to 136,140 to 145,147 to 152,154 to 157 and 160 to 173 amino acid regions,and five ligand structures of zinc finger located in 98 to 100,102 to 107,135 to 137, 139 to 145 and 149 to 154, amino acid regions. The protein structure prediction analysis indicated that the M protein might be a polyprotein of viral genome replication enzyme.

In this study,bioinformatics softwares and databases were used to bioinformatically analyze and predict target genes of miR-101 in yak. The high-throughput sequencing technology was used to obtain the sequence of yak miR-101 and analyze its conservation.TargetScan,miRanda and PicTar were applied to predict target genes of miR-101. The intersection of the three results and validated targets from miRTarbase database were demonstrated by Gene Ontology and Pathway enrichment analysis using BINGO and DAVID database.The results showed that miR-101 sequence of yak was highly conserved among all species,and the biological functions of target genes regulated by miR-101 mainly included basic biological function,such as multicellular organismal development,developmental process, system development,anatomical structure development,organ development and molecular functions were enriched in protein binding,transcription factor activity and so on. Target genes exist in various components of the cell,including the cytoplasm,nucleus and organelles. Signal transduction pathways were significantly enriched in the MAPK signal pathway,focal adhesion,ErbB signaling pathway,Wnt signaling pathway,TGF-beta signaling pathway and mTOR signaling pathway (P<0.05). The prediction and bioinformatics analysis of miR-101 target genes laid the basis to study the role of miR-101 in yak muscle development.

To obtain recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid of porcine interleukin-18(IL-18), the whole gene of porcine IL-18 gene was amplified from porcine spleen, lung and lymph nodes by RT-PCR and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pZJ-1. The recombinant expression plasmid pZJ-IL-18 were identified by enzyme digestion and sequencing analysis, and was transfected into 293T cells.The expression of IL-18 was detected by Real-time PCR and Western blotting in both gene and protein levels. The results showed that the eukaryotic expression plasmid of porcine IL-18 was constructed and could express transiently in 293T cells. Western blotting result confirmed that porcine IL-18 polyclonal antibody could react specifically with approximately 17 ku expression products,and indicated that IL-18 could express correctly and be responsive.This study constructed the eukaryotic expression plasmid of porcine IL-18 gene which could express transiently in 293T cells, and laid the foundation for studying function of IL-18.

This study was aimed to clone and express the specific antigen nucleoprotein (N) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and then purify and analyze its immunogenicity. Based on published VSV genome N gene sequence in GenBank, two kinds of N genes of VSV with different serotypes were synthesized, respectively. After sequence analysis, one pair of specific primers was designed and synthesized, N gene fragment with about 1 300 bp length was amplified by PCR, and subcloned into pCold Ⅰ expression vector. The recombinant N protein was induced with IPTG and purified by Ni-NTA. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that the N gene was successfully expressed in E. coli and the molecular weight of protein was 50 ku; The results of Western blotting showed that this recombined protein specifically reacted with polyclonal antibody serum of VSV. The recombinant vector with VSV-IND and VSV-NJ were successfully constructed, and the N protein was solubly expressed in E. coli, and the purified protein demonstrated promising immunogenicity.

Significant differences can be found in the physiology construction and functional performance of canine corpus luteum from the other domestic animal species, and the most interesting characteristic is the lack of an acute luteolytic mechanism. It is a multifactorial process that luteinization of canine is regulated by PRL, LH and PGE₂, and the luteolysis is insensitive to PGF_2α. The remaining canine corpus luteum plays an important role in bitch reproductive activities, and the steroid hormone from it through autocrine or paracrine is the same important to pregnancy and the estrus cycle. It is still unknown about the mechanism of regression of canine corpus luteum, however, there are several hypotheses including the passive regression mechanism. Moreover, corpus luteum is one of the few tissues (organs) which includes all three parts formation, maintenance and regression of the life cycle, and it is very important for the research of inflammatory reaction, carcinogenesis and apoptosis. In this review, the advanced progress of formation and regression of canine corpus luteum were summarized, which would provide theoretical basis and research background to study the molecular mechanism in this filed.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different weaning ages on pH and the main digestive enzymes activities in the small intestinal contents of lamb. Fifty-five male lambs of Gansu modern breeding sheep group with(3.43±1.15)kg initial body weight were divided into 3 treatments randomly that were control group (sucking,25 lambs), group Ⅰ (weaning at 28 days old, 15 lambs), and group Ⅱ(weaning at 42 days old,15 lambs).5 lambs from each group were slaughtered at 12 h,7 d and 14 d after weaning,respectively,and the the change of pH and activities of α-amylase,trypsin,chympotrypsin and lipase were measured in the small intestinal contents. The results showed that the effects of pH and the main digestive enzymes activities could be expressed sensitively in the contents of duodenum. From duodenum to ileum,the effects of weaning turned weakening gradually,and it did not show a high-impact on pH,trypsin and lipase activities. There was no significant influence in the recovery time to the normal levels of the main digestive enzymes activities in the small intestinal contents by different weaning ages,the recovery time of α-amylase in group Ⅰ was shorter than group Ⅱ. In this trail condition,it was feasible to wean at 28 days of age,and it had no significant difference in the recovery ability of main digestive enzymes in the small intestinal contents weaning at 28 and 42 days old.

In order to exploring the change pattern of melatonin in blood under the normal conditions of the multiparous Holstein cows within 24 h,the change of melatonin in blood of Holstein cows after the intravenous injection,subcutaneous implantation in neck,neck subcutaneous injection and drench were studied and the melatonin secretion rule and its metabolic rate were analyzed. The results showed that melatonin secretion changes obviously in the blood within 24 h,the concentration peak appeared at 04:00 (8.30 ng/mL),lowest at 16:00 (2.08 ng/mL). After subcutaneous implantation and drench,the concentration of melatonin in the blood rose relatively flat compared to other groups. Subcutaneous injection of 46.4, 4.64 and 0.464 mg melatonin,the concentration in the blood rose rapidly, the peak appeared at 1 h after the injection,which were 561.94,487.03,92.89 ng/mL,respectively,extremely significantly higher than pre-injection (P<0.01).Intravenous injection of 46.4,4.64 and 0.464 mg melatonin,the concentration in the blood also rose rapidly,the peak appeared at 0.5 h after the injection,which were 767.68,639.19,110.56 ng/mL,respectively,extremely higher than pre-injection (P<0.01).This study proved that the secretion of melatonin in the Holstein cows had obvious circadian rhythm,intravenous or subcutaneous injection of melatonin could improve the concentration of melatonin rapidly and there was a high correlation between the melatonin metabolic rate and the melatonin concentration in the blood,with the increase of the concentration of melatonin,the metabolism velocity was accelerated obviously.

The experiment was aimed to study the effects of adding marine biological fortified material to diets on egg quality.600 healthy Highland Brown egg-shell chicken were chosen and randomly divided into control group and experimental group. The chicken in control group were fed with Jiuzhou diets and that in experimental group were fed with Jiuzhou diets supplemented with marine biological fortified material,and the egg quality and nutrient components such as amino acids,fatty acids and carotenoids were compared.The experiment lasted for 56 d. The results showed that the yolk color of marine vitalized egg was orange-red to bright red,and the ordinary yolk color was yellow. The ratio of yolk weight to egg white weight of the marine vitalized egg was 0.424,which was much higher than that of ordinary egg (0.365).The total amino acids content of the marine vitalized egg achieved 13.22 g/100 g,and the contents of essential amino acids were higher than ordinary egg in different degrees. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the marine vitalized egg was 30.53%,meanwhile,the content of carotenoids was 0.75 mg per egg,which were significantly higher than that in ordinary egg (0.52 mg per egg)(P<0.05).The astaxanthin was only detected in the marine vitalized egg,and the ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin was 1.12. The content of organic selenium was about 290 to 490 μg/kg in the marine vitalized egg. These results suggested that marine biological fortified material supplenmentary diets could comprehensively improve the egg quality and nutrition.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of active yeast and yeast fermented feeds on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro.13 strains active yeasts and their fermented feeds (7 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,namely XR4,YL5,YN7,XL8,BC,SL and AQ;5 strains of Candida utilis,namely SC18,SR12,YJ2,YD6 and BY,and 1 strains of Candida tropicalis,namely BR) were chosen and rumen fermentation parameters were measured by in vitro gas production technique.The results showed that:There was no significant effects of active yeasts on gas production (P>0.05),however,the gas production of SC18,XR4,BY,AQ and BC groups was significantly increased by the fermented feeds (P<0.05).Meanwhile,the gas production rate of those fermented feeds was significantly higher than the corresponding active yeasts (P<0.05).10 yeast strains and their fermented feeds significantly increased the bacterial crude protein production (P<0.05),and the protein growth rate of most of these active yeasts was higher than that of fermented feeds (P<0.05).The activie yeasts and fermented feeds showed no significant effect on ammoniacal nitrogen content (P>0.05).Active yeast (YD6,BR,SC18,YL5,XR4,SR12,BY and BC) and yeasts fermented feeds (YD6,BR,YJ2,SC18,SR12,SL,YL5 and XR4) could significantly increase the total VFAs comapred to control group (P<0.05).In conclusion,active yeast could significantly increase the contents of bacterial crude protein and total VFAs,especially the BY,XR4 and BC. Gas production,bacterial crude protein and VFAs were significantly increased by fermented feeds,especially SC18,BY and BC. Fermented feeds had shown better effect on the increament of the gas production and VFAs compared to active yeasts.

The experiment was aimed to study different feeding mode of β-agonists treatments on plasma parameters and internal hormone levels in cattle. 15 healthy Simontal cattle with similar body weight (257.9 kg±33.3 kg) were randomly divided into three groups. The cattle were fed with the same basal diet, and the test group Ⅰ were daily treated with 670.0 μg/(kg·BW) ractopamine while the test group Ⅱ were daily treated with a mixture of ractopamine, salbutamol and clenbuterol (223.3, 50.0 and 5.3 μg/(kg·BW), respectively) for 28 consecutive days, and the period of withdrawal was 28 days. The results showed that at the 28th day of the treatment,plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations in test groupsⅠwere significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05), plasma glucose (GLU) and FFA concentrations in test groupsⅡwere significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05);The levels of hormone in plasma were not significantly affected by β-agonists during the whole test period (P>0.05) except that the INS level in test groupsⅠ was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05) at the 28th day of the withdrawal.These results demonstrated that plasma FFA in cattle could be used as potential biomarkers to supervise the illegal use of β-agonists.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different compound probiotics on growth performance and immune function of pigeons. 72 pairs of breeding pigeons and 144 squabs were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 3 pairs of breeding pigeons and 6 young pigeons per replicate.The pigeons in all groups were fed the basal diet with health care sand,meanwhile and pigeons in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ supplemented with compound probiotics Ⅰ (6×10⁷ CFU/g Lactobacillus acidophilus+6×10⁷ CFU/g Bifidobacterium lactis),compound probiotics Ⅱ (6×10⁷ CFU/g Bifidobacterium lactis+6×10⁷ CFU/g Enterococcus faecalis) and compound probiotics Ⅲ (6×10⁷ CFU/g Lactobacillus acidophilus+6×10⁷ CFU/g Enterococcus faecalis),resperctively. The experiment lasted for 56 d. The results showed that compared with the control group,compound probiotics Ⅱ could significantly increase the body weight and the average daily gain of pigeon at 28 and 56 days of age (P<0.05). The thymus index of the 28 days old pigeon in group Ⅱ was significantly increased (P<0.05),and the spleen index of the 56 days old pigeon in group Ⅲ was significantly increased (P<0.05). All the compound probiotics groups could increase serum immunoglobulin content of 28 and 56 days old pigeon,but did not reach a significant level (P>0.05).In summary,compound probiotics could improve the growth performance and immune organ indexes,and improve the immunity of pigeon to a certain extent, the Bifidobacterium lactis and Enterococcus feacalis had the better effect.

The experiment was aimed to study the effects of protein peptide with different pepsin digestibility in vitro (A80,A90) on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility of growing pigs. Experiment 1:300 growing pigs of Duroc pig×Landrace pig×Yorkshire pig were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 repeats pre group and 15 pigs per repeat. The pig of group Ⅰ was fed with basal diet,that of groups Ⅱ to Ⅴ were fed with basal diet with 1%,2%,3%,4% A80 supplement,respectively. The experiment period lasted for 30 d. Experiment 2:240 growing pigs of Duroc pig×Landrace pig×Yorkshire pig were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 repeats pre group and 15 pigs per repeat. The pig of group Ⅰ was fed with basal diet,that of groups Ⅱ to Ⅳ were fed with basal diet with 1%,2%,3% A90 supplement,respectively. The experiment period lasted for 30 d. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG),average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed/gain (F/G) had no significant difference among all groups (P>0.05) in experiment 1. But the ADG had a tendency to reduce with the increase of A80. The DM,CP apparent digestibility of group Ⅱ was significant higher than that of groups Ⅰ,Ⅲ and Ⅴ (P<0.05),and had no significant difference with group Ⅳ(P>0.05). Digestibility of Ca and P showed a tendency to improve with the increase of A80,but there was no regularity. Experiment 2:With the increase does of A90,ADG was increased firstly and then decreased. The ADG of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P<0.05),and had no significant difference with other groups (P>0.05).The ADFI of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05).DM and CP apparent digestibility showed a tendency to decline with the increase dose of A90.In conclusion,A80 had no significant improvement on growth performance and A90 showed a quadratic improvement to pig's growth performance and the best addition percentage of protein hydrolysate in diet was 2% to 3%.

Late gestation is an important period for rapid development of the sow's mammary gland and fetus. It is becoming more and more important to provide a suitable nutrient level in late gestation period for improve the reproductive efficiency of sow. Demand of energy, protein and amino acids for mammary gland and fetus in sows at late gestation are different. To provide reasonable nutrition for fetus, at the same time for the needs of mammary gland are still seldom reported. In this paper, the effects of dietary energy, protein and amino acids levels on the development of mammary gland and the growth of fetus were reviewed,the authors propose the requirement of energy, protein amino acid and reasonable proportion in sows at late gestation, in order to give some guidance for pig farmers.

Copper is one of the necessary trace elements in animals. The absorption, storage, release and transportation of cellular copper in intestinal play an critical role in maintaining intracellular copper homeostasis, the imbalance of which can lead to intestinal dysfunction resulting from intestinal cell shedding.As for the gradually further and perfect studying on intestinal copper transporter and target organelles, people have achieved new discoveries and understanding. This article reviewed the binding pathway between intracellular mitochondria, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm and copper chaperone, as well as copper transporters. The expression mechanism of CTR1 transporters, redistribution mechanism of ATP7A and ATP7B in the case of high copper and homeostatic mechanism of other epithelial tissue copper were elucidated.Based on the above mechanism, the change of homeostasis in the intestine is a dynamic equilibrium which is related to the intestinal copper level and the expression of copper transporter in intestinal subcellular organelle,such as expression location and expression level. The conclusion will provide a theoretical foundation for revealing the mechanism of intestinal copper homeostasis.

Chinese horse industry is in the early stage of transition from traditional horse industry to modern horse industry. Scientific feed formula is of great practical significance to the development of modern horse industry. In this paper, the horse feed formula model based on the goal programming was constructed by analyzing and researching the horse's daily nutrition demand and the component elements of feed formula model. The formula optimized the horse's various nutrients, including dry matter, digestible energy, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus, ensured that the number of nutrients, quality and the proportion of their daily needs, and took into account the cost of feed also. Two different types of horses, race horse and riding horse were used to describe the design process for horse feed formulations based on different feed standards, and the effectiveness of the feed formula model was verified at the same time. The study would provide some reference value for the study of horse feed formula model.

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) and some production performances including slaughter performance and meat quality. The RFI and production performances from 400 Beijing-You chickens were used to analyze the correlation of these traits. The results showed that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the average daily gain(ADG)of male chickens were extremely significantly higher than female ones (P<0.01), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased extremely significantly (P<0.01). The percentage of carcass and thigh muscle as well as the redness (a^*) were extremely significantly higher in male chickens than female ones (P<0.01). In male chickens, RFI had positive correlation with FCR, ADFI (P<0.01)and percentage of abdominal fat(P<0.05) and negative correlation with percentage of breast muscle and percentage of thigh muscle(P<0.01). In female chickens, RFI had positive correlation with FCR, ADFI (P<0.01) and ADG (P<0.05), but negative correlation with percentage of thigh muscle (P<0.01). In male chickens, RFI was correlated positively with lightness (L^*) (P<0.01) and chroma (C^*) (P<0.05). While in female chickens, RFI had positive correlation with L^*, yellowness (b^*) (P<0.05), a^* and C^*(P<0.01), but had extremely negative correlation with Hue (H^*) and pH (P<0.01). Therefore, RFI had correlation with some production performances including slaughter performance and meat quality.

In order to study the differential protein associated with the thickness and curvature of the flax fiber and the specific spike composition of Tan sheep, this study used the isotope labeling relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomics methods,and combined with multidimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identification and screening of skin protein from Tan sheep,Inner Mongolia Sunitou sheep,Zhongwei goat and Xinji Fine-wool sheep,and the Proteome Discoverer 1.4 software was used for quantitative analysis, combined with database search, identification of differential protein. Finally, the differential proteins was analyzed by the GO and Pathway analysis methods. 1 161 proteins were identified from the four kinds of sheep skin,30 different proteins were found between Inner Mongolia Sunitou sheep and Tan sheep,112 differential proteins were found between Zhongwei goats and Tan sheep,107 differential proteins were found between Xinji Fine-wool sheep and Tan sheep,the skin differential proteins were analyzed for each group,it was found that the 14-3-3 protein sigma, KRT25, KRT34, KRT85, TCHH, KAP6 and KAP11.1 might be related to the thickness and curvature of the flax fiber and the formation of specific spike shape of Tan sheep. The result would provide a scientific basis for the breeding of Tan sheep fur quality.

Lighting is one of the most crucial environment factors for the organisms. The superior photonasty of poultry enable them to sensitize the lighting and translate the photon to biological signals that regulate the growth,reproduction and behaviors. In the modern poultry industry, providing the optimized lighting environment has been an important management strategy for the enhancement of the animal performance. In the recent years, with the development of poultry artificial insemination technology,semen process,package and conservation, housing the male breeders separately from the females is getting popular. Therefore,the finer lighting environment for the males is valuable for their reproduction performance. The recent progresses on poultry photoreceptor,hormones involved in the light-sex signal transduction, and the effect of lighting regimen, light intensity,and spectrum on the reproduction of male poultry breeders were summarized in this review,aiming at providing the basis for the future study and industry application.

In this paper, the studies on rabbit genetics and breeding in 2016 were reviewed in three aspects of traditional and molecular breeding and reproduction, so as to provide references for rabbit breeding. At abroad, the researches focused on reproduction which compromised of embryo cryopreservation, semen characteristics, effect of additives and nutrition on reproductive performance, while there were relatively little researches on molecular and traditional breeding. In China, the scientists focused on molecular breeding techniques involved in genetic diversity, performances in growth, fur, reproduction and disease resistance, and CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The spots of foreign and internal studies were different and the results of reproduction researches at abroad could be good references for us.

In order to understand the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of the alpacas,39 blood samples of alpaca were collected in 3 places of Xinjiang (Qinghe county of Aletai city,Tacheng city and Tianshan wildlife park) and mitochondrial D-loop gene was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that 733 bp fragment was obtained. The population haplotype diversity (Hd),nucleotide diversity (Pi) and gene flow (Nm) was 0.954,0.0091 and 1.97,respectively. 25 haplotypes were defined among the 39 gene sequences,and H7 was the most shared haplotype by groups. The genetic distance of three alpaca groups was small (0.002 to 0.003). The genetic distance between alpaca and Lama glama,Lama guanicoe and Vicugna was 0.002,0.004 and 0.017,respectively. The genetic distance between alpaca and Camelus bactrianus was the highest (0.050 to 0.051).The results of cluster analysis showed that three alpaca groups were gathered first,and then gathered with Lama glama,Lama guanicoe and Vicugna, Camelus bactrianus belonged to another branch along. In conlusion,the genetic diversity and gene flow level of alpacas in Xinjiang was high and the genetic differentiation was relatively small. The genetic relationships between alpaca and Lama glama,Lama guanicoe and Vicugna were close, that with Camelus bactrianus was relatively far.

This study was aimed to clarify the effects of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression in bovine endometrial epithelial cells. Primary and generation of bovine endometrial epithelial cells were cultured, and the fourth generation cells with 1×10⁶/hole vaccination were pretreated with PGE₂, PGF_2α, PGE₂+PGF_2α (10^-7 mol/L) for 24 h, respectively, following treatment with 100 ng/mL LPS for 4, 8 and 12 h, respectively. The expression of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA and protein were measured by Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting methods. The results showed that compare with control group, the expression of COX-1 mRNA was significantly up-regulated after PGE₂ treatment at 4, 8 and 12 h, the expression of COX-2 mRNA was significantly up-regulated at 4 and 12 h, the COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were significantly up-regulated after PGE₂ treatment (P<0.05). Compare with control group, the expression of COX-1 mRNA was significantly dowm-regulated by LPS treatment at 8 and 12 h, while the COX-1 protein was not affected, the expression of COX-2 mRNA was significantly up-regulated by LPS treatment at 4, 8 and 12 h,and COX-2 protein was significantly up-regulated after LPS treatment (P<0.05). Compared with LPS treatment group, the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA were significantly up-regulated after LPS+PGE₂ treatment at 8 and 12 h, and the COX-1 and COX-2 protein were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). There were no significant effect on the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA after PGF_2α and LPS present or absent treatment (P>0.05), only significantly increased the expression of COX-1 mRNA after PGF_2α treatment at 8 and 12 h (P<0.05). The expression of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA were induced after PGE₂ and PGF_2α combination treatment group compared with that in PGE₂, PGF_2α and LPS treatment groups.

In order to determine the suspected avian cholera pathogen and geneotypes, bacteria isolation technology was used to isolate and culture pathogenic bacteria, the isolated bacteria were identified by traditional methods and molecular biological methods. Geneotyping of the isolated bacteria were determined using PCR technology and gene sequence analysis. The results demonstrated that the isolated bacteria had typical culture characteristics of Pasteurella multocida (Pm),and the morphology of the colony, the characteristics of cell staining, the physiological and biochemical characteristics were consist with Pm; 457 bp fragment was amplified by PCR. Geneotyping results showed that only A primer amplified the target gene fragment of 1 050 bp, sequence analysis also showed that the isolated bacteria shared 97.6% to 100.0% sequence homology with reference strains, and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the isolated bacteria and A type Pm were in a branch.The experimental results indicated that the isolated bacteria was identified as capsular serotype A of Pm, the results provided reference for the prevention and control of fowl cholera.

In order to investigate the pathogen prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea in Chongqing, this study carried out an investigation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine astrovirus (BAstV) on a total of 81 diarrhea samples of beef cattle which were collected from Chongqing by RT-PCR. After the PCR products were sequenced, phylogenetic analysis was performed with Mega 6.0 software. From 81 samples, the positive rate of BRV,BAstV and BVDV were 66.7%,8.6% and 7.4%, respectively,BCV was not detected.Phylogenetic analysis showed that 5 strains of BRV sequences were clustered into a small branch, which had significant genetic distance with other VP6 sequences in GenBank; 5 strains of BVDV, Chinese and Denmark strains were clustered into one branch,genetic relationship were close; 5 strains of BAstV clustered into a branch with Hongkong strain, but there was still an obvious genetic distance. The result showed that calves under the age of half year were the main group of beef cattle with diarrhea in Chongqing. BRV was an important cause of diarrhea in Chongqing, the genetic diversity of BRV,BAstV and BVDV could be reference to further concern.

In order to study the biological function of the main active region of sheep antimicrobial peptide NK-Lysin, three pairs of functional domain peptide fragments were designed and synthesized the antibacterial activity was detected by radial diffusion test and minimal inhibitory concentration. We analyzed the toxic effects of chicken red blood cells and screen the best peptides for treatment chicken challenged by Salmonella pullorum in this study. The rusults showed that synthesized peptides were inhibitory to Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum. Fragment length of peptides, C-terminal amidation and peptide inner loop were essential to antibacterial activity. Two of synthesized peptides were used to treat chichen challenged by Salmonella pullorum which obviously decreased the mortality of chicken. The pathological damage of heart,liver,kidney were less than that of control group. This study laid a foundation for the development of the sheep NK-Lysin peptides as candidate antimicrobial agents.

Horse gastric myiasis is a chronic wasting parasitosis caused by larvae of Gasterophilus spp. parasitics on the gastrointestinal tract of the equids. Horse gastric myiasis leads to host highly anaemic, angular, poisoning even death. This disease is distributes all over the world, each country has a slightly different epidemic law, because of different geographical position and climatic environment, and whether using insect repellent or not. Our country is mainly popular in the Northeast, Northwest and Inner Mongolia, which of 6 kinds of popular horse Gastrophilus, and the dominant species are G. intestinalis and G. nasalis. In this paper,the author described the infections of horse gastric myiasis at home and abroad in recent years, summarized epidemic law and put forward the research direction, so as to provide reference for the disease prevention and control.

In order to understand inflection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of Xinjiang wild birds, through analysis of molecular characteristics and genetic variation, to prevent the outbreak and spread of Newcastle disease, isolation of the virus was performed in 9 days old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryos, detected the wild birds in Fuhai county which was located in the migration line of East Africa-West Asia by HA, HI test and RT-PCR method. And then 1 strain of NDV from wild birds was isolated, named as NDV/Pintail/CH(XJ)/01/2016. As the result, ORF of F gene from the NDV isolate was 1 662 bp, encoding 553 amino acids. The motif of the cleavage site was ¹¹²G-R-Q-G-R-L¹¹⁷, which was consistent with the characteristics of avirulent NDV strains. The phylogenetic analysis showed that NDV/Pintail/CH(XJ)/01/2016 nucleotide sequence homologies of F gene between reference strain Doneck/3/968 and mule Simeonovgrad strain homology were high and reached 99.7%, it belonged to genotype Ⅱ of Class Ⅱ NDV. All of the three viruses had high homology to the vaccine strain La Sota,which were 99.5% to 99.8%. According to this research conclusion we provided evidence that poultry NDV outflowed into the natural environment.

In order to explore the infection characteristics of Mycoplasma suis(M.suis), and optimize the establishment of infection model of M.suis,this research designed the infection test with different mice (A test), different pathogen forms (B test), frozen pathogens (C test), and studied on mice model of blood reinfection (D test). On the basis of a comprehensive assessment of each test in the blood of mice infection, the first infection time, the clinical symptoms and the average duration of infection, to analyze whether the different treatments and different pathogenic mice forms, cryopreservation of pathogen and the mouse model of blood infection had influence on the establishment of mouse model. PCR detection, electron microscope observation and specific gene fragment sequencing were used to determine whether the pathogen of mice infected with the model was consistent with that of M.suis. The results showed that the infection effect of the spleen group was the best in the A test. In the B test, the infection effect of the M.suis positive blood samples group was the best. In the C test, the infection effect of the non-frozen positive blood group was better than that of the cryopreserved group. In the D test, the positive model of pig blood samples and mice model positive blood group had no significant difference. The results of PCR detection, electron microscope observation and specific gene fragment sequencing showed that the pathogen of mouse model was identical with that of M.suis. The results showed that the infection condition of the mice infected with the mouse model was influenced by the different treatment of the mice, the different forms of pathogens and the cryopreservation of the pathogen,and the model of Kunming mice without spleen infected with M.suis positive blood samples was the best.

Immunoglobulin of yolk (IgY) refers to the specific antibodies from the immune eggs, is the most important immunoglobulin in the yolk,which has the characteristics of stable chemical properties, high yield, low cost, high specificity and no toxic side effects, there was no cross serological reaction among animals breeds because of a long distance. IgY has a significant advantage in animal and human disease prevention and treatment. In this research,we reviewed the application of structural characteristics, physicochemical property and action mechanism of IgY in prevention treatment of animal disease and developing prospect, especially in the treatment of animal diseases, such as diarrhea and acute treatment of animal spirit, harm, large virus disease; zoonosis seriously endanger the safety of human property; Other aspects such as aquaculture, animal fur and other major diseases. IgY could effectively prevent and treat animal diseases, but also reduce the possibility of zoonosis, which will be of great significance for the protection of personal safety.

Quinolones (QLs) are synthetic antimicrobials and widely used to treat clinical bacterial disease in the world. Quinolones trap DNA gyrase or topoisomerase Ⅳ to form reversible drug-enzyme-DNA complexes and prevent protein synthesis,resulting in bacteriostasis. Recently, the analysis of crystal structures of cleaved complexes and building of the model of noncatalytic magnesium ion present a reasonable explanation for the phenomenon of the effect of quinolones antibacterial activity. There are many researches for the mechanisms of resistance of quinolones, gene mutation, altered drug permeation and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance are three main aspects. Here, the molecular basis for the antibacterial action and mechanisms of resistance of quinolones were fully discussed and updated, so as to provide a large number of information for optimization of quinolone antimicrobials based on structural transformation.

This study was aimed to compare the proliferation and apoptosis characteristics of different virulence of Aleutian mink disease virus(AMDV) in feline kidney cell (CPFK). CRFK cells were infected separately with the standard strain of AMDV-G and the wild strains of AMDV-DL124, AMDV-DL125, AMDV-QD2, AMDV-QD3 and AMDV-ZJ3. Indirect immunofluorescence,Real-time quantitative PCR and TCID₅₀ were used to detect the replication and expression of the viruses in the cells, at the same time the apoptosis induced by the viruses was detected. The results of IFA showed that CRFK cells which infected separately by wild strains appeared the fluorescence after 12 h of infection. With the extension of the infection time, the fluorescence of cells increased, but the fluorescence of AMDV-G was later than the wild strains, almost all of the cells were appeared the fluorescence after 72 h of infection. The Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the tendency of genome replication of different virus were approximately the same. The genome replication began at 3 h after the AMDV-DL125 infection,the rapid increase of genome replication of AMDV-G occurred at 24 h after the infection, the genome replication of whole viruses reached a peak after 72 h of infection. The results of TCID₅₀ showed that the latent period of viruses infection were 0 to 12 h after infection, AMDV-G reached the peak after 60 h of infection. However, the wild strains at 48 to 72 h could maintain a higher infection titer and reached peak at 72 h after infection, then decreased with the cell disintegration. Apoptosis detection results which analysis by SPSS 23.0 statistical analysis software showed that, compared with control group,cell apoptosis was significantly higher after 2 to 12 h of cells infected by wild strains induced (P<0.05), cell apoptosis of AMDV-G was significantly lower than wild strains, however, the time of cell apoptosis induced by AMDV-G was longer,the apoptosis was still significant after 24 h of infection. But the apoptosis caused by virus infection was mostly concentrated in 2 to 12 h after infection. The results would provide some references for the study on the culture and identification and pathogenic mechanism of AMDV.

In order to investigate the epidemic situation and drug resistance of major epidemic Salmonella Pullorum in some areas of Xinjiang, 750 chickens with disease history were detected using the methods of plate agglutination, and a total of 78 cases were diagnosed infection with Salmonella Pullorumin by using Salmonella identification medium, histopathological observation, PCR and drug sensitivity test.The results showed that 69 of 78 cases suspect Salmonella Pullorum were isolated, and prove the biochemical characteristics and pathologic characteristics of Salmonella Pullorum, the invA gene was amplified successfully by PCR,the isolation rate was 9.2% and the serotype was diagnosed as D1. The isolates were the most resistant to vancomycin and neomycin, and Salmonella Pullorum resistant rate was 100.0% and 81.2%, respectively. Drug sensitive test results showed that the sensitive rate of the bacteria were more than 60.0% to ceftriaxone,clavulanate and polymyxin. This study provided reference for farmers and veterinary workers, which indicated it could be used for the purification of Salmonella Pullorum and clinical medication.

Canine and feline dermatomycosis is the common skin disease in small animal,which not only affects the appearance of the canine and feline, but also leads to itching or pain, and even increases the risk of dog and cat owners suffering from dermatomycosis. Dermatomycosis is harmful to health of animals and human beings. The dermatomycosis is difficult to identify, has long treatment cycle and high recurrence, and affected by regional or/and environmental factors, lead to its prevalent and brought great difficulties to the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Canine and feline dermatomycosis could be diagnosed according to illness history survey, clinical symptoms, isolation and identification of pathogens and histopathological examination. In order to curing canine and feline dermatomycosis effectively, systemic therapy combined with topical administration, scientific and rational use of antibiotics, and improvement of animal feeding management should be carried.

In order to investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) on proliferation, migration and tube formation of swine vein endothelial cells, and explore its role in swine placental angiogenesis, PPARγ agonist group (5,10,15 and 20 μmol/L rosiglitazone), inhibitor group (5, 10, 15 and 20 μmol/L T0070907) and control group were set in this study. Through iCelligence cell function analyzer, scratch test, Matrigel matrix three dimensional cell culture, a model of angiogenesis of swine vein endothelial cells in vitro was established for simulating the environment of pig angiogenesis in vivo and detecting the proliferation, migration, tube formation ability of cells. A pair of specific primer was designed by Primer Premier 5.0 software according to PPARγ sequence from NCBI. SYBR GreenⅠ Real-time PCR were performed to detect relative quantity of PPARγ gene mRNA and verify the effect of PPARγ on cells in vitro. The results showed that 5 and 10 μmol/L rosiglitazone could promote proliferation, migration and tube formation of swine vein endothelial cells, T0070907 had inhibition on cells and negatively correlated with concentration (5 to 15 μmol/L),both of rosiglitazone and T0070907 at high concentration (20 μmol/L) interfere in cells activity because of toxic effect. In addition, rosiglitazone (5 to 20 μmol/L) and T0070907 (5 to 20 μmol/L) increased and reduced relative quantity of PPARγ gene mRNA,respectively, and its trends of concentration were similar with the former three experiment. The results indicated that the activation of PPARγ promoted proliferation, migration and tube formation of swine vein endothelial cells, and it might play a positive role in swine placental angiogenesis.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of recombinant E.coli expressing heat-stable enterotoxin(STa) on intestinal absorption and barrier function, intestinal morphology and antioxidant capacity of 7 days old piglets. Twenty-four 7 days old piglets were allotted to four treatments:control group (artificial milk), STa group (artificial milk +2×10⁹ CFU E.coli LMG194-pBAD-STa), LMG194 group (artificial milk +2×10⁹ CFU E.coli LMG194), and K88 group (artificial milk +2×10⁹ CFU E.coli K88).The pigs were treated with E.coli on the 5th day and slaughtered on the 7th day. The results showed that, compared with the control group, villus height in jejunum, ileum and duodenum, crypt depth and villus height/crypt depth in duodenum, and small intestine villi surface area were significantly decreased in STa group (P<0.05). The activities of catalase (CAT) in ileum and colon, total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) in serum, ileum, jejunum and colon, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in colon were significantly decreased in STa group (P<0.05). STa group also had a higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in serum (P<0.05). These results suggested that recombinant E.coli expressing STa could lead to intestinal injury and oxidative stress of 7 days old piglets.

The study was aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Ruxiankang injection.The Oxford cup method was took to study the antibacterial activity in vitro of Ruxiankang injection;Six classical pharmacological models which were hot plate method, acetic acid inducing writhing, xylene inducing ear edema,egg white inducing paw edema, fever in rats induced by 2,4-dinitrophenol and dried yeast were adopted to study the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Ruxiankang injection.The results showed that Ruxiankang injection had significant inhibitory effect in vitro on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; And among them, middle and high dose groups could extremely significantly increase the pain threshold of mice and reduce the writhing times of mice (P<0.01);Middle dose group could significantly reduce the degree of ear swelling induced by xylene and foot metatarsus swelling by egg white in mice (P<0.05);Middle and high dose groups had significant antipyretic effect caused by 2, 4-dinitrophenol fever at 1.5 to 2.0 and 3.0 to 3.5 h and dry yeast at 1.0 to 3.5 h (P<0.05).The results indicated that Ruxiankang injection could obviously inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus activity and had remarkable antipyretic analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.