The objective of this study was to discover the expression of key genes for fatty deposition in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat,so that deeply analysize the change features of intramuscular fat deposition.Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression pattern of seven different genes (PPARγ,FTO,Lipin,LPL,HSL,A-FABP and Perilipin) in ten different muscle tissues,and in intramuscular adipocyte for three periods as early (D3),middle (D7),and end (D11),as well as the changes in key points of induced differentiation time (24,48,72 and 96 h).The correlation between the seven genes and the intramuscular fat content was researched from the prospective of analyzing the tissues and cells.The results showed that FTO gene mRNA had a higher expression in different tissues than that of other genes.While the Lipin gene mRNA expression was the lowest than others,LPL and HSL were the key enzymes in the fat synthesis and splitting,the expression trends of which were basically similar,they only showed the opposite expression pattern in the psoas major muscle,and trapezius A-FABP and Perilipin gene expression patterns were more special,the overall expression level was lower,the former's expression level was higher in next moment chest muscle than other tissues,while the latter's expression level was higher in biceps femoris muscle than other tissues.Analyzing from the cell level,the expression patterns of Lipin,PPARγ,A-FABP and Perilipin were similar,with the increase of adipocytes cultivating day age and the triglyceride accumulation,the corresponding expression level increased gradually;The expression abundance of Lipin gene in each time point was extremely low;The expression level of HSL gene reduced gradually as the differentiation degree increases;The expression level of Perilipin gene was higher only in the late period of induction and differentiation.Through statistical analysis of the correlation,the PPARγ gene mRNA of cashmere goat formed negative correlation with intramuscular fat;While other adipogenic genes like HSL,LPL,FTO,Lipin,Perilipin and A-FABP mRNA formed positive correlation with intramuscular fat content.Therefore,the key gene expression of fat deposition had the specificity,generally,the amount of gene expression by quantitative analysis was FTO> PPARγ> LPL >HSL> A-FABP >Perilipin >Lipin,such results lay foundation for further researching the fat deposition mechanism and improving the quality of cashmere goat.

To investigate the epidemic situation of H6N6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in Guizhou province,A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 was isolated from Sansui duck in live poultry market of Guizhou in 2014,the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of DK/GZ/14 were subjected to clone and sequence analysis.The results showed that HA gene had the highest nucleotide homologies (97.5%) with the duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Eastern China in 2009,and the strains of HA gene proteolytic cleavage sites was P-Q-I-E-T-R-G,which accordeol with the molecular characteristic of low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV).However,NA gene of A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 had the highest nucleotide homologies (98.2%) with the duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Fujian in 2007.The phylogenetic tree showed that A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 and Hunan strains located in the same branch,while three duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV isolated from Guizhou in 2007 and A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 located in the different branch for HA and NA genes in genetic evolution,which suggested that A/duck/Guizhou/013/2014 was far with the local H6N6 subtype.The results also clearly indicated that duck-origin H6N6 subtype AIV had genetic diversity in duck population in Guizhou.

In order to study the function of the Theileria annulata (T.annulata) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH),the T.annulata GAPDH (TaGAPDH) gene was amplified by PCR from the cDNA of T.annulata,and cloned into the pET-30a(+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3).After purification,the fusion protein was injected into rabbits to produce polyclonal antibodies.Specificity and titers of the polyclonal antibodies were determined by ELISA and Western blotting,and subcellular localization of TaGAPDH protein was observed by confocal fluorescence microscope.The results showed that TaGAPDH gene was approximately 1 020 bp;SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the fusion protein was expressed in BL21(DE3) with 44 ku in molecular mass,and highest expressed level was detected in the inclusion.The titer of the polyclonal antibodies was more than 1:12 800.The results of western blotting indicated that the polyclonal antibodies possessed good specificity,and TaGAPDH protein was predominantly present on the cytoplasm of T.annulata schizont by subcellular localization.This study laid the foundation for screening and identifying candidate antigens of vaccination and drug targets as well as studying the energy metabolism of T.annulata.

This research aimed to clone and analyze the biological characteristics of MARK2 and CREB5 genes in cattle.In the GenBank database,MARK2 and CREB5 genes of human were chosen to blast and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of cattle were got.Specific primers were designed and RT-PCR was used to clone the cDNA sequence from the scapula muscle of cattle with vacancy parts making up,and then MARK2 and CREB5 genes were successfully cloned.The results showed that MARK2 gene coding region was 2 076 bp,which encoded 691 amino acids.CREB5 gene coding region was 1 527 bp,which encoded 508 amino acids.The physical and chemical properties of protein prediction showed that MARK2 and CREB5 proteins were hydrophilic protein;The phosphorylation sites in threonine (Thr),serine (Ser) and tyrosine (Tyr) residues;The secondary structure of MARK2 and CREB5 proteins were maily composed of random coil and layed a foundation for the tertiary structure;Protein subcellular localization prediction showed that MARK2 and CREB5 proteins did not belong to the secretory protein;MARK2 protein contained a S_TKc domain and an UBA function structure,CREB5 protein contained a ZnF_C2H2 function structure,a BRLZ function structure and five low complexity regions and MARK2 and CREB5 proteins had no transmembrane structure.

The aim of this study was to detect the differential expression of miR-383 in yak and cattle-yak testis,and explore the important roles of miR-383 in spermatogenesis.Using the testis tissue of mature yak and cattle-yak as experimental material,Real-time PCR was performed to detect the miR-383 expression.miR-383 targets were obtained using TargetScan and miRanda database,and biological functions of these target genes were predicted by David and Gene Ontology online softwares.The miR-383 had significantly differential expression in F₁ testis tissue between yak and cattle-yak(P<0.05),and it had the highest expression level in yak testis tissues.131 target genes were obtained by target gene prediction which involved in cell proliferation,apoptosis,regulation of nucleic acid synthesis and other processes by GO analysis and KEGG pathway analysis.The results showed that miR-383 might participate in the regulation of germ cell differentiation and spermatogenesis,which would provide clues and theoretical basis for studying the function and regulation mechanism of miR-383 in cattle-yak germ cell.

According to the sequences of HA and NA genes of H6 and N1 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV),two pairs of specific primers and two TaqMan probes with different fluorescence were designed.The duplex Real-time RT-PCR assay was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect H6 and N1 subtypes AIV in one reaction.The result showed that the specificity of this assay was high and only amplified H6 and N1 subtypes AIV,and was not cross-reactive with other H and N subtypes AIV,newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus.The detection limit of this assay was 100 copies/μL of H6N1 subtype AIV.This newly developed duplex Real-time RT-PCR assay was a rapid,specific and sensitive method for the detection of H6N1 subtype AIV,and it could provid a technical support to prevent and control H6N1 subtype AIV.

In order to investigate the methylation patterns on growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) gene exon 1 in Ujumqin sheep,we compared the level of methylation of GDF11 gene exon 1 in common Ujumqin sheep (CUS) and multi-vertebrae Ujumqin sheep (MUS) using the bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) method.The results showed that the average methylation rate of GDF11 gene exon 1 for MUS was extremely significantly higher than that for CUS (P<0.01),the average methylation rate of common Ujumqin sheep and multi-vertebrae Ujumqin sheep were 0.123 and 0.569.Analysis of 13 CpGs of GDF11 gene exon 1 showed that the CpG_11 and CpG_13 methylation sites had the highest methylation rate with a combined methylation value of 90% for MUS.Our results suggested that differential DNA methylation of GDF11 gene exon 1,in particular at these two sites,might cause the increase in the number of vertebrae in Ujumqin sheep.

The object of this study was to investigate the evolution and variation of NS1 encoding gene (M6) of Bluetongue virus 1 (BTV-1) from Yunnan province and the evolutionary relationship of strains which from Yunnan province and other countries.RNA were extracted from four strains (Y863,SZ120169,6-12 and 7-12),and M6 gene were amplified by using specific primer and sequenced,which were analyzed by using bioinformatics software for nucleotides homology and phylogenetic relationships.The results showed that four strains M6 gene were 1 763 bp;The homology of nucleotides among four strains M6 gene were 95.2% to 99.9%,the amino acids among four strains M6 gene were 97.6% to 99.8%,the homology of nucleotides between Y863 (1979) and 3 strains (SZ120169,6-12 and 7-12) were 95.5%,95.2% and 95.2%,the amino acids between Y863 (1979) and 3 strains were 97.6%,98.4% and 98.2%,the homology of nucleotides and amino acids were high (96.9% to 99.9% and 99.1% to 99.8%,respectively) among four Yunnan strains.BTV was divided into two clusters (Western and Eastern) and four strains (BTV-1) from Yunan province belong to Eastern cluster.The homology of nucleotides and amino acids among four Yunnan strains was 95.2% to 99.9% and 97.6% to 99.8% respectively;The genetic distance were close among four Yunnan strains and strains from Greece and Australia,the homology of nucleotides and amino acids between them were 90.4% to 95.6% and 95.1% to 99.1%;The genetic distance were distinct among four Yunnan strains and strains from Mediterranean countries (Italy,Fance,Algeria,Morocco and Tunisia) and South Africa;The homology of nucleotides and amino acids between them were below 83.8% and 95.7%,so we found that gene clusters distribution was related to the geographical distribution for BTV.In a conclusion,four Yunnan strains belong to Eastern cluster and the speed of genetic variation of M6 from Yunnan province was slow,so M6 gene could be used in study of gene group of distribution and origin of geographical area.

To establish a rapid,sensitive and specific assay for the differential detection of Nipah virus (NiV) and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV),a duplex Real-time RT-PCR was developed with specific primers and probes targeting to the special sequences of NiV M gene and HP-PRRSV nsp2 gene by optimization of reaction conditions.The performance of the assay was linear ranging from 4.6×10¹ to 4.6×10⁷ copies/μL for RNA standard control of NiV M (NiV-M-RNA) and from 4.1×10¹ to 4.1×10⁸ copies/μL for RNA standard control of HP-PRRSV nsp2 (HP-PRRSV-nsp2-RNA),and detection limits of the assay was 46 copies for the NiV-M-RNA and 4.1 copies for the HP-PRRSV-nsp2-RNA,respectively.The coefficients of variation (CVs) of both inter-assay and intra-assay repeatability were less than 2.0%,showing good repeatability.The assay was able to specifically detect NiV and HP-PRRSV simultaneously without cross-reaction with classical swine fever virus (CSFV),porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV),swine influenza virus (SIV),porcine parvovirus (PPV),pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2).Of the 236 samples from pigs for both NiV and HP-PRRSV detection by the established assay,all the samples were negative for NiV,8 samples were HP-PRRSV positive.In conclusion,this assay offers a useful approach for the differential detection of NiV and HP-PRRSV in clinical specimens from the pigs.

To study the genetic variations of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) ORF3 and M gene in Guizhou province,we used RT-PCR method to detect PEDV in the dung what collected from diarheal porket in five regions of Guizhou province between April 2014 to March 2015,then selected eight positive samples,cloned and sequenced their ORF3 and M gene.The results showed that 75 samples were positive for PEDV,and the positive rate was 71.43%.The result of sequencing showed that ORF3 and M gene were intact;ORF3 gene shared from 95.1% to 100.0% nucleotide identity and 95.1% to 99.6% amino acid identity,and M gene shared from 98.4% to 100.0% nucleotide identity and 98.7% to 100.0% amino acid identity with eight PEDV Guizhou strains.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Guizhou strains seem to be closely related to Chinese strains,Korean strains and Thai strains,and there were genetically different from the vaccine strains attenuated DR13 and CV777.The results suggested that in rencent years the mainly etiology of orket diarrhea was velogenic PEDV.

In this study,the part coding region of PRDM16 gene of the Qinghai plateau yak was cloned and its bioinformatics and differential expression of PRDM16 gene of muscle tissue were analyzed in different sex individual.The PRDM16 gene part of CDS region was cloned from the longissimus dorsi muscle tissue of Qinghai plateau yak,analyzed its characteristics of bioinformatics and detected gene expression levels of different sex individuals in muscle tissue by Real-time PCR.The results showed that the sequence length of the cloned fragment was 323 bp,the homology between Qinghai plateau yak and cattle was 100%.It encoded 99 amino acids,containing domains of MDS1-EVI1 (complex locus protein MDS1) family proteins function,CATH protein function and typical structure of the curly spiral.PRDM16 protein was 20% of the similarity with people methyltransferase protein domain PR protein 1.PRDM16 gene expression of female yak was significantly higher than male yak's in longissimus dorsi muscle tissue (P<0.01).The test results provided not only research foundation for genetic progress but also technical references for yak meat quality analysis.

This study was to prepare a diagnostic serum to rapidly diagnose subgroup K avian leukemia virus (ALV-K).The ALV-K were inoculated in DF1 cells and extracted DNA from infected cells to amplify ALV-K-gp85 (1 005 bp) and ALV-K-gp85 (fragment) (510 bp) genes by PCR.Their correct reading frames were inserted into pET-28a(+) expression vector,then transformed into BL21 (Rosetta) strain.The expressed proteins were used to immune Kunming White mice to prepare antiserum.Recombinant fusion proteins of 39.85 and 22.01 ku were successfully obtained and showed good immunogenicity.Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) showed that the two sera could react with ALV-K,but could not react with ALV-A,ALV-B and ALV-J.The experiment prepared the single factor serum that could be used to specifically diagnosis subgroup K avian leukemia for the first time,at the same time,the single factor serum laid the foundation for rapid diagnoses of subgroup K avian leukemia.

According to the M gene nucleotide sequence of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) published in GenBank,one pair of primers were designed,the M gene fragments of IBV isolated from Guangxi province were amplified by PCR.Then the amplified fragments were cloned into pMD18-T vector and the positive recombinant plasmids were sequenced.The results showed that M gene from all of the IBV isolates consisted of 678 bp,coding for 225 amino acids.Two glycosylated sites were located nearby the N-terminal,three transmembrane domains were located in the 23 to 98 peptide region.Variations within the hydrophilicity region were easier than that in the hydrophobicity region.Compared with that of other published IBV strains,the homologies of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the isolates were 83.6% to 92.5% and 82.7% to 95.1%,respectively.The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that it was closely related to SAIB20 and LX4,and clustered into one group;But it belonged to different branches with other reference strains,and had a distant relationship.These results suggested that the isolate was a new variant of IBV.

In order to study the effect of different weaning age on related-growth gene expressions of spleen in piglets,24 similar body weight and healthy piglets were selected (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshine).All piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups (14,21,28 and 35 days of age weaning groups),and each group had 6 replications including 1 piglet separately.They were slaughtered at 24 days of age and spleen samples were acquired.The relative expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR),insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) mRNA in spleen were measured by RT-PCR.The results showed that the relative expression of GHR mRNA in 14 and 21 days of age weaning groups was significantly higher than that in 35 days of age weaning group (P<0.05);The relative expression of IGF-1 mRNA in spleen at different weaning age groups was no significant difference (P>0.05);The relative expression of IGF-1R mRNA in 35 days of age weaning group was significantly higher than that in 28 days of age weaning group (P<0.05).The results indicated that the patterns of weaning age on related growth gene expressions of spleen are different;The expressions of spleen IGF-1R mRNA in different weaning age groups were possibly effected by the spleen self regulation of IGF-1.

As a new molecular biology technique,the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has the advantages of easy to operate,no need of specialized devices,low cost,short reaction time and so on.It has higher sensitivity and specificity than the common molecular biology techniques.It has been widely used in rapid and early infection by variety of pathogens including bacteria,virus and mycoplasmas.We reviewed the research progress on LAMP techniques and the diagnostic applications in the bacteria,viruses,Mycoplasma and other pathogens at home and abroad,so as to understand the advantages and disadvantages of LAMP and application situation,and provide a reference for its widespread application in the future.

Intramuscular fatty acids content and composition of Australian imported Black Angus beef raised in Ujinmqin grassland were analysised in this experiment to provide basic data for future breeding,crossbreeding,and meat quality evaluation.Target samples were taken of tenderloin,nates,shoulder clod,ribloin,highrib,brisket and topside from seven Black Angus beef which were Australian imported and raised in Ujinmqin grassland,with mean weights of (500±38)kg.The high efficient fatty acids extraction method and gas chromatograph (GC) were used to determine the content and composition of intramuscular fatty acids.Then the resuls were compared with FAO/WHO recommended values.The results showed that,the SFA content in target samples of Black Angus beef followed from high to low as:tenderloin,highrib,ribloin,shoulder clod,brisket,nates,topside.Moreover,majorities of intramuscular fatty acids composition were palmitic acid and stearic acid.The most highest content in MUFA was oleic acid;large amount of linoleic acid and linolenic acid were found in PUFA;The highest ratio of P/S and M/S were shown in nates,and the ratio of n-3/n-6 was 0.85.It was concluded that the meat of Australian imported Black Angus beef raised in Ujinmqin grassland had good flavor and high nutritive value.

The experiment was conducted to study whether the proanthocyanidin (PC) had the protective effects on the liver and kidney oxidative damage induced by zearalenone in mice.40 8 to 9 week-old healthy clean grade Kunming mice with the 45 g body weight were chosen and randomly divided into four groups: control group was given normal saline,PC group was given 100 mg/kg PC,ZEA group was given 40 mg/kg ZEA and PC＋ZEA group was fed 100 mg/kg PC＋40 mg/kg ZEA.Liver and blood sampls were taken after cervical vertebra to death.AST、ALT、MDA、SOD were measured to determine the degree of liver damage and antioxidant capacity,and UA and BUN were used to determine the kidney damage.The results showed that: Compared with the control group,the indexes of PC group were not significant changed (P>0.05),indicating that there was no obvious oxidative damage in the liver and kidney.Compared with control group,ALT,MDA and AST content were significantly or extremely significant increased in ZEA group (P<0.05;P<0.01),SOD content was extremely significant decreased (P<0.01),UA and BUN were extremely significant increased in serum (P<0.01),indicating that the liver and kidney of ZEA group had a serious oxidative damage.The indexes of the PC＋ZEA group (except SOD)were significantly or extremely significant lower than ZEA group (P<0.05;P<0.01),indicating that the oxidative damage of the liver and kidney in PC＋ZEA group was lower than that in the ZEA group.In conclusion,the liver and kidney oxidative damage of mice induced by ZEA was eased to some extent by PC.

Arginine is one of the most important amino acids for animals,and participates in the synthesis and metabolism of many nutrients,plays a role in the development and function of the gastrointestinal tract.Intestinal barrier function is one of the most functions for intestine.The article will summarize the effect of arginine on intestinal barrier.It was explicated the influence on inteseinal immunity of Toll-like receptor.This research provided some references for further study of arginine regulation on animal production.

In order to understand the pathogenesis of GPV (goose parvovirus),and explore the molecular variation of protein/enzyme,the protein,protective enzymes (Est,POD,SOD,protease) and isozyme from goslings blood infected with GPV were analyzed by biochemistry and molecular biology.The results showed that the activity of protease,content of protein,the activities of POD,SOD and Est (in plasma and blood corpuscle) from goslings infected with GPV were 1.46 and 1.63,1.51 and 1.49,1.50 and 1.14,1.36 and 1.73,1.30 and 1.53 times than that of control group,respectively.In the plasma of goslings infected with GPV,2 bands (134 and 239) of SOD isozyme appeared,2 fast-zone enzyme band appeared and 2 slow-zone enzyme band deleted in Est isozyme,1 slow-zone zymoprotein band (304) deleted and 4 new main protein bands (131,86,43 and 33 ku) appeared.In the blood corpuscle of goslings infected with GPV,2 new enzyme bands (93 and 203) of POD isozyme,1 medium-zone enzyme band (160) of SOD isozyme,1 fast-zone enzyme band of Est isozyme,2 slow-zone zymoprotein band (223 and 330) and 4 new main protein bands (144,104,58 and 53 ku) appeared.These results indicated that the interaction of GPV stress and host protein/enzymes and isozyme gene expression would result in the biochemical characteristics variation of activity and isozyme patterns of protein/enzymes,and directly or indirectly affect metabolic approach and pathological biochemical function on goslings infected with GPV,and enhance the defense and stress ability of GPV.Therefore,protein/enzymes and isozyme might be sensitive enzyme of GPV infection stress,and were effective marker of pathological mechanism on investigation of virus genotype interaction with genetic susceptibility of the host.

This paper analysed the outputs of dendritic cells research articles based on Web of Science^TM from 2006 to 2015 in order to know more about the overview of the global "dendritic cells"research.According to Web of Science^TM core collection,the direction of research,countries/regions,scientific research institutions,key journals and the published articles of authors and top 10 cited articles were analysed using the title of dendritic cells.The United States was the leading country in the field of dendritic cells.In the quantity of paper,USA toped the list,followed by Germany and China.The core journal about dendritic cells research was "Journal of Immunology".Number of papers published in the first three were Inserm,University of Pittsburgh and Harvard University.Number of papers published in the former two were Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Zhejiang University in the domestic.The most citation paper was from University of Oxford.The direction of research about dendritic cells were mainly concentrated in immunology,cell biology and oncology.So the main target of the study of dendritic cells in China was the United States,the key research directions were immunology,cell biology and oncology.

To optimize the extraction technology of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide and catalpol from Radix Rehmanniae simultaneously,a single factor test and orthogonal test were used in this experiment.Content of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides and catalpol were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method and HPLC,respectively.The yields of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide and catalpol were used as the evaluating parameters,and the effects of the solid to liquid ratio,extraction temperature and extraction time on the yield were examined.The optimum extraction technological parameters were as follows:solid to liquid ratio was 1:8,the extraction time was 1.5 h,and the extraction temperature was 90 ℃.This technique was stable and feasible,and was appropriate for industrial production,and would provide references for the development and utilization of new veterinary drugs.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of melatonin on proliferative activity of hair follicle stem cells in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat.The five levels melatonin including 0,100,300,500 and 700 pg/mL were designed to stimulate the hair follicle stem cells in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat,the MTT method was used to detect cell proliferation activity for 5 days.The result showed that 2 days later,the groups stimulated by melatonin did not cobble-stone arrangement and began to appear spindle cell and cell growth was not uniform compared with the control group (0 pg/mL),the groups showed obvious effect on cell proliferation relatively.4 days later,the cell proliferation of groups stimulated by 500 pg/mL melatonin were significantly greater than that of 0,100 pg/mL (P<0.01;P<0.05),but there was no significant difference with 700 pg/mL melatonin stimulation group (P>0.05).The optimal melatonin concentration of hair follicle stem cell proliferation was 500 pg/mL in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat.

To study the physicochemical properties extracted from koumiss of Lactobacillus plantarum DSM20174 bacteriocin,we purified the Lactobacillus plantarum DSM20174 bacteriocins and got the bacteriocin crude extractions after ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis.After purification with Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography,bacteriocin specific activity apparently increased,reaching 154.70 AU/mL,yield was 43.5%.We detected the effects of purified Lactobacillus plantarum DSM20174 bacteriocin on bacteriostatic action of wild bovine pathogenic E.coli O78 by Oxford cup method under 3 different treatments.The results showed that:①In five groups of temperature treatments,the bacteriostatic action decreased with the increase of temperature,bacteriostatic actions of all groups were significantly different (P<0.05).Even after treatment at 121 ℃ 30 min,antimicrobial diameter was 14.90 mm.② After Lactobacillus plantarum DSM20174 bacteriocin were treated with pH 2.0 to pH 12.0,the higher of pH,the smaller of antibacterial diameter.The inhibitory effect of groups were significantly different (P<0.05) except pH 9.0 and pH 10.0.③Lactobacillus plantarum DSM20174 bacteriocins were treated by trypsin,pepsin and papain,antibacterial diameter apparently changed,bacteriostatic action was significantly different (P<0.05) before and after treatment.The results suggested that Lactobacillus plantarum DSM20174 bacteriocins were better antibacterial substances,but not thermal stability substances.It had a relatively wide pH range,and the smaller of pH,the stronger of its antibacterial activity,the antibacterial activity had been enhanced at optimum growth pH.It was not protease stability substances.

Antimicrobial peptides have become potential drugs to replace antibiotic for preventing and controlling diseases,but it's still lack of suitable mass production conditions because of low yield and high production cost,so it becomes inevitable to use gene engineering technology of antimicrobial peptide reconstruction.This paper analyzed the research status of antimicrobial peptides,concluded the gene transformation strategies,such as amino acid residues design,peptide fragments junction and construction of peptide cyclization,computer aided design,the target design and simulation of biological model,and the advantage of gene recombination technology by fusion expression,tandem expression and multi copy expression.This research progress would lay theoretical foundation for low cost and large scale production of antimicrobial peptides.

With the rapid development of science and technology and people's living standard rasing,the awareness of food safety is becoming more and more high,and people pay a lot of attention to the quality and safety of milk.This paper summarized research progress in detection of milk by immunological technique,including enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),immunofluorescence technique (IFT),immune colloidal gold technique (ICGT),immune polymerase chain reaction,immune chip technology in application of the milk quality detecting and their advantages and disadvantages,aiming to provide references at further developing the application of immunological techniques in quality detecting of milk.

To explore the different varieties of five Xinjiang local sheep myostatin (MSTN) expression levels and their correlation with growth traits (body weight,body height,body length,heart girth and cannon circumference).The MSTN mRNA expression level in different month(Birth,1 months,2 months,3 months,4 months,5 months) of muscle and fat in Altay sheep,Turpan Black sheep,Emil White sheep,Kazakh sheep,Bashbay sheep by quantitative Real-time PCR method,using SPSS 19.0 software to analyze the correlation with growth traits.The MSTN mRNA expression levels in muscle:The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels of Altay sheep,Kazakh sheep and Bashbay sheep at birth were lower than other months;The MSTN gene mRNA expression level of Emil White sheep in 3 months was significantly lower than other months (P<0.05);The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels of Altay sheep,Turpan Black sheep were the highest in 4 months;The MSTN gene mRNA expression level of Kazakh sheep was the lowest at birth,and was the highest in 5 months.The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels in fat:The MSTN gene mRNA expression level of Emil White sheep at birth was significantly lower than other months (P<0.05); The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels of Altay sheep,Emil White sheep and Bashbay sheep were the highest in 5 months,the MSTN gene mRNA expression level of Bashbay sheep in 5 months was significantly higher than other months (P<0.05);The MSTN gene mRNA expression level of Kazakh sheep was the highest in 2 month,it was significantly higher than 5 months (P<0.05).Correlation analysis revealed that the MSTN gene mRNA expression levels were mostly negatively correlated with growth traits.The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels in muscle and fat of Altay sheep were all negatively correlated with growth traits;The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels in muscle of Turpan Black sheep were negative correlated with body length and body height,others were positively;The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels in muscle of Emil White sheep were positive correlated with heart girth and cannon circumference;The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels in fat were positive correlated with body length,others were negatively correlation;The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels in muscle and fat of Kazakh sheep were positive correlated with body length,others were negatively correlation;The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels in muscle of Bashbay sheep were positive correlated with body length and cannon circumference,others were negatively correlation.The MSTN gene mRNA expression level was discrepancy in different month of different varieties,and was no fixed expression pattern;The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with the part of the body size.The MSTN gene mRNA expression levels might have a direct relationship with the growth traits and bone growth.

The study was aimed to explore the protective effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on the reproductive function of male mice with cadmium poisoning.40 healthy clean grade male Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups:control group (H₂O),cadmium chloride group (2.3 mg/kg CdCl₂),sulforaphane group (10 mg/kg SFN),sulforaphane + cadmium chloride group (10 mg/kg SFN+2.3 mg/kg CdCl₂),and continuous administration for 10 d,all mice were executed by dislocated cervical vertebra at 2 d after the last administration,and then the pathologic changes of testicular tissues,organ coefficient of testicle and epididymis,sperm quality and concentration of testosterone were tested.Additionally,the contents of GSH and MDA,and the activities of T-SOD in testis were also detected at the same time. Compared with the control group,pathology damages were observed in cadmium chloride group,organ coefficient of testis and epididymis,sperm quality and levels of testosterone extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),the activities of T-SOD and GSH content were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),and the concentration of MDA was extremely significantly enhanced (P<0.01).Compared with the control group,the activity of T-SOD and concentration of GSH in sulforaphane group were significantly increased (P<0.05),and the concentration of MDA was not significant different between the control group and sulforaphane group (P>0.05).While compared with the cadmium chloride group,the sperm motility rate and sperm total count in sulforaphane and cadmium chloride group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),the organ coefficient of testicle and epididymis was increased significantly (P<0.05),the concentration of GSH and activity of T-SOD in testicular tissue were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),and the concentration of MDA was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01).The results indicated that sulforaphane had the protection effect on reproduction function of male mice with cadmium poisoning.

Japanese Balck cattle fetal fibroblasts (JBCFF) were induced with Xenopus leavis egg extracts and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was carried out with the reprogrammed JBCFF as donor cells in order to investigate their effects on SCNT efficiency.Three samples of egg extracts were acquired from different Xenopus laevis.The protein contents and kinds in extracts were evaluated with BCA Protein Quantification Kit and SDS-PAGE.Concentration of Digitonin to permeabilize JBCFF was optimized and assessed with PI staining.Reprogrammed cells treated with egg extract were used as donor in SCNT.Additionally the reconstructed embryos were activated with ionomycin+6-DMAP and A23187+6-DMAP to compare their effects on the development competence.The protein contents of extracts samples were 56.2255,64.6570 and 71.2158 μg/mL,respectively,the each extract had the same composition about 40-55 and 70-100 ku.The optimal concentration of Digitonin was 7 μg/mL and the permeabilization rate was 55.44%.After extracts treatment and continuous culture for 6-7 d,JBCFF formed well-defined colony structures.No significant composition difference was found in rates of fusion (92.83% vs 96.04%),cleavage (89.64% vs 89.78%) and blastocyst formation (24.06% vs 23.12%) of cloned embryos when the colony cells and JBCFF without extracts treatment were used as donor cells (P>0.05).Similarly,the two activation methods had no significant effect on the developmental competence of cloned embryos (cleavage rate 92.16% vs 92.28%,blastocyst rate 23.21% vs 24.18%).Conclusively,Xenopus leavis,egg extracts could induce JBCFF reprogramming to a low differentiated state.However donor cells with reprogramming partially could not improve the development of cloned embryos and its mechanism requires further research.

The experiment was carried out to investigate the MSTN gene expression in muscle tissues and its association with growth indexes in 1-6 months old Kazak lamb,and provide genetic information for breeding Kazak lambs.Five Kazak lambs were randomly chosen and leg muscle samples were collected monthly.Body length,body height,body weight,pipe circumference and chest circumference were measured.MSTN gene relative expression levels in 1-6 months old Kazak lamb muscle tisses were determined using Real-time PCR and its association with growth indexes were analysised.The results showed that: Kazak lambs grew rapidly at the age of 1 and 2 months.From 4 months,body weight increased slowly and body length,body height and chest circumference rose slowly meanwhile pipe circumference stopped growing from 3 months.At 5 and 6 months,the growth indexes had not significant difference (P>0.05).MSTN gene expression had not significant difference in 1-4 months old Kazak lamb muscle tissues (P>0.05),showing a upward trendency.The expression was the highest at 5 months and lowest at 6 months.MSTN gene expression was significant negatively associated with body length (P<0.05) and the correlation coefficient was-0.472.And there was a weak negative association between MSTN gene expression with body weight and chest circumference,a weak positive correlation with body height and pipe circumference.

In order to detect viable E.coli in milk,a new PMA-qPCR method was established.The influences of different PMA concentration,dark incubation time,exposure time on dead bacteria inhibition effect were determined by detection of the cell numbers of viable and heat-killed E.coli suspensions at concentration of 1×10⁸ CFU/mL through fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) method.The results showed that qPCR assay could specifically detect E.coli,and the viable E.coli must be exposed to 90 ℃ for 30 s in water bath to be lethal.The best treatment was 10 μg/mL PMA with 15 min of dark incubation time and 10 min of exposure time.This treatment could inhibit dead cell signals to a largest extend,while had little impact on aviable cells.The stability of PMA-qPCR assay was kept while the concentration of bacteria was more than 1×10⁸ CFU/mL.The regression equation of standard curve was y=-3.356x+47.413,R²=0.9989,the lowest detection limit was 10³ CFU/mL.The result of adding assay was agreed with the actual situation.This study laid a foundation for using of PMA-qPCR to detect the viable E.coli in food.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the bacterial causes and drug resistance of pig arthritis of four farms in Yunnan.Through isolation and culture,biochemical test,drug sensitive test,animal pathogenicity experiment and 16S rRNA identification,we analyzed the samples from four farms with pig arthritis symptom.The results showed that in all 96 samples,55 samples were Staphylococcus aureus positive,the positive rates were 20.8%,83.3%,91.7% and 33.3% in A,B,C and D farms,respectively;56 samples were Streptococci positive,the positive rates were 95.8%,21.7%,25.0% and 83.3%,respectively;Mixed infection rates were 20.8%,21.7%,25.0% and 33.3%,respectively.Therefore,Staphylococcus aureus was the major bacterial pathogen which caused pig arthritis in B and C farms;Streptococci was the major bacterial pathogen which caused pig arthritis in A and D farms;Two kinds of bacteria were more sensitive to ceftriaxone,minocycline and ciprofloxacin,and resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Oxidative stress is ubiquitous in livestock and poultry production.When the body is in the situation of harmful stimulation in vitro or in vivo,the oxidation system and antioxidant system are in a state of imbalance,leading to metabolic disorders,which depresses the growth and development of animals,decreases disease resistance and quality of livestock products seriously,and has a negative impact on the production and health of livestock and poultry.So it is important to find an effective measure to alleviate the health of livestock and poultry.Lipoic acid,tea polyphenol,VE and other antioxidants play significant roles in reducing oxidative stress.In this paper,the effects of oxidative stress on broiler and mitigation technology research were outlined.

The present objective of the study was to investigate the concentrations of indoor and outdoor and airborne fungi of three styles of dairy cowsheds in winter.The sampled sites included the shed,exercise yard,net road,sunshade,5 or 50 m distance upwind or downwind outside each dairy farm.The results showed that the indoor microorganism concentration varied from the shed styles.The concentrations of airborne bacteria ranged from 1 540 to 10 487 CFU/m³ in all three sheds,and among all sheds,the bacteria concentration in the shed with only roof was the highest.The concentrations of airborne fungi ranged from 169 to 731 CFU/m³ in all sheds,and the fungi concentration in the shed with curtain was the highest.Moreover,both bacteria and fungi concentrations in the evening were higher than that at noon and in the morning.From the spatial distribution of indoor and outdoor microorganisms,the bacteria concentrations in the sheds or at the exercise yard were higher than that at the net road in each farm,and the bacteria concentration in downwind was higher than in upwind,while the spatial distribution of fungi showed no significant difference among all sampled sites.The research results would provide some references for improving environment of cowshed and preventing from diseases.

The assay was aimed to provide theoretical references for the prevention and control of newborn piglet epidemic diarrhea which was characteristic of high morbidity and mortality.An outbreak of newborn piglet epidemic featuring diarrhea,emesis and lassitude was reported in January 2013 in a large-scale pig farm in Yulin,Guangxi province.The morbidity and mortality in the epidemic were 80% and 80% to 100%,respectively.To identify the causes,ten samples of small intestines,spleens,lungs and lymph glands were collected for the bacterial isolation,PCR,virus isolation,determination of TCID₅₀,gene sequencing and analysis.The detection results showed that PEDV and PRRSV were positive while those of CSFV,PRV,TGEV and PRoV were negative.No pathogenic bacteria were isolated.Clone and sequence results of ORF7 and Nsp2 genes of the isolate indicated that the isolate was an American PRRSV,with ORF7 of 372 bp (123 amino acids) and Nsp2 of 2 850 bp (950 amino acids).There was a discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids of Nsp2 gene at sites 481 and 532 to 560,which was consistent with Nsp2 of highly pathogenic PRRSV JXA1,so the isolate could be determined as a HP-PRRSV strain.48 h after Marc-145 cells being inoculated by pathological sample,the typical CPE of PRRSV appeared,and TCID₅₀ of PRRSV isolate was 10^-5.75/0.1 mL.The newborn piglet epidemic diarrhea was caused by PEDV infection and HP-PRRSV subsequent infection.

To investigate the species of cellulase-producing Bacillus in yak rumen,10 samples of rumen content were aseptically collected from 10 adult Maiwa yaks to isolate the heat-resistant Bacillus by water bath at 80 ℃ for 20 min.The cellulase-producing strains were screened using the CMC-Na medium and Congo red staining.The 16S rRNA gene sequence of those cellulose-producing strains were amplified and sequenced.The results showed that 64 strains were isolated from the 10 samples.Total 23 strains were identified as cellulase-producing bacillus,including 16 strains of Bacillus cereus,7 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis.Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis showed that the 16 Bacillus cereus strains were clustered into two branches:One isolate was clustered into a branch alone,the other 15 isolates were clustered into a branch which clustered into 5 small branches,showing that there was certain genetic diversity in the isolates of Bacillus cereus.And all 7 Bacillus thuringiensis strains were clustered into a branch.Hence,the results layed the foundation of investigating the species of cellulase-producing Bacillus in yak rumen and developing probiotics special for yak.

To establish a microplate assay for quick diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity measurement of bovine mastitis-causing E.coli,the phenol red indicator in E.coli selective medium was replaced with resazurin and the resazurin microplate assay was established by determing of optimization of indicator concentration,bacterial inoculation dose and culture time.The testing results of different bacteria and their infection-mimicking milk samples showed that the microplate assay had a strong selective property for E.coli and the definite diagnostic result could be obtained within 10 h with a capability of reflecting infection strength of dairy cow mammary gland.The results of 89 mastitis-positive milk samples showed that the microplate assay had a detection sensitivity of 100%,and the negative milk samples specificity was 94.9%,95.5% agreement to the conventional culture-based method.The micoplates were coated with rectified concentrations of 10 different antibiotics and the quick drug sensitivity assay was performed using 10 E.coli strains,infection-mimicking milk samples and 10 E.coli-positive milk samples.The obtained results had a complete agreement with that of standard disc diffusion method.These data suggested that the resazurin microplate assay established in this study could replace the conventional methods for quick diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity measurement of bovine mastitis-causing E.coli.

This study was aimed to avoid the dairy cow arthritis,which could caus huge economic losses to cattle farms.Joint effusion was collected from diseased dairy cows,and the pathogens was isolated and cultured using tryptone broth agar followed by morphological,biochemical tests and PCR amplifying 16S rRNA gene fragments and TA cloning and sequencing to identify it.It was found that the bacteria could form beta hemolytic ring on blood AGAR;And it appeared a single individual or short catenation gram-positive by optical microscopy;The results of biochemical identification showed that esculin sesquihydrate,maltose,sucrose,glucose,and hydrogen peroxide enzyme tests all presented positive;It was sensitive to cefazolin,enrofloxacin,ciprofloxacin,ampicillin,streptomycin,chloramphenicol,neomycin and cefepime,while was resistant to tetracycline,erythromycin,doxycycline and amikacin.The nucleic acid homology of this strain with Staphylococcus aureus was 91%,and with the Staphylococcus carnosus was 92%.According to the 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing results,and the biological characteristics analysis,the initial isolates were identified as similar to Staphylococcus spp bacteria.The results of this study could provide necessary experimental basis for future diagnosis,prevention as well as treatment of arthritis in cattle farm.

In order to control mastitis,clinical mastitis pathogenic bacterial species of three dairy farms in different areas were isolated and identified.The types and infection condition of pathogenic bacteria,environmental conditions and management methods of the farms were analyzed.61 clinical mastitis milk samples from three different large-scale dairy farms in Fujian,Xinjiang,and Chongqing were collected for bacterial isolation and identification using traditional microbial identification methods and PCR technology.Among clinical mastitis milk samples collected in this trial,single infection sample was 44 (72.13%)and mixed infections sample was 15 (24.59%).80 bacteria were isolated,mainly E.coli,Staphylococcus and Streptococcus,including 13 strains of infectious microorganisms (16.25%),46 strains of environmental microorganisms (57.50%),11 strains of chance of microorganisms (13.75%),10 strains of other microorganisms (12.50%).Clinical mastitis in three dairy farms were still given priority to single infection,and mixed infection occupies certain proportion,with infectious pathogens and environmental pathogens as the main pathogenic.In the actual production the dairy cow mastitis infection and pathogen species could be carried out through the isolation and identification of mastitis pathogens in large-scale dairy farms.It was helpful to identify the herd management problems and make improvements to better control the occurrence of mastitis combining with the actual production conditions.

Avian Tembusu virus(ATMUV) is a newly viral infectious disease of laying duck.Since April 2010,the disease has caused severe economic loss to the duck industry in China southeast coastal areas.ATMUV can also cause chickens,geese and other poultry disease.The present article summarized research progress on ATMUV regarding etiology,epidemiology,biological characteristics,genomics,methods of virus detection and vaccine developments,and provided references for further research ATMUV.