Mycotoxin contaminant is a problem for milk safety. In the present paper, the risk ranking of mycotoxin in milk in China were proposed based on the review of the mycotoxins might be exist in milk, maximum residue levels of mycotoxins in milk established by many governments and international organizations and risk assessment of mycotoxins in milk. These could be referred to improve surveillance system of milk safety in China.

The aim of this study was to develop a dynamic risk warning method of veterinary drug residues in raw milk because of dynamic changes of raw milk. Risk warning methods of veterinary drug concentration above MRLs, abnormal detection rates and average-standard deviation were developed based on theory of Shewhart control chart. Veterinary drug residues data of 1000 milk samples collected from a large dairy company were analyzed with Shewhart control charts and no risk warning were found. Abnormality of detection rate and average were assumed and also analyzed in this study.

Thiocyanate used in raw milk both at China and foreign was summarized. 500 batches in Shanghai were tested and analyzed. 272 batch samples were analyzed and compared. Risk assessment research was developed. The results showed that sodium thiocyanate in raw milk was accord with Pearson5 distribution in general. The percentage of 90 was during 0.2 to 3.71 mg/kg. The maximum, minimum and average value was 9.66, 0.2 and 1.50 mg/kg,respectively. Colony count of 272 batches were during 110 to 1100000 CFU/mL, The percentage of 97.5 was during 110 to 300000 CFU/mL, Sodium thiocyanate content and colony count was not obvious correlation, the content of sodium thiocyanate had no effect on the colony count significantly. Correlation efficient was 0.02. Based on the medium and maximum sodium thiocyanate content, sodium thiocyanate dietary medium and maximum exposure was 0.0025 and 0.016 mg one day for one person. Associated with other risk assessment of sodium thiocyanate, the concentration of sodium thiocyanate in raw milk in Shanghai area was normal physiological concentration. It had no health effects on the human body in normal diet by the study.

A risk analysis with single factor index and Nemerow multifactor index method was developed to evaluate the pollution levels of heavy metal in raw milk in different regions. And the non-cancer risk in the raw milk with low concentration pollution and non-residue limit was estimated using the hazard quotient (HQ). HQ was the ratio of the exposure estimate to the reference value. By the results, we could ensure the safety of raw milk. Twenty raw milk samples were collected from China's two of the main milk-producing regions. The pollution of arsenic, lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, aluminium and nickel elements were analysed, the results indicated the samples collected from region B was higher than A, and the exposure of non-cancer risk of the concentration in all positive samples were far below the reference value. The rationality and applicability of this method were proved.

Green healthy dairy industry development in Xinjiang has unique resources and geographical advantages, with the expansion of cow breeding in recent years, quality safety of raw milk in Xinjiang is increasingly emerging, quality and safety measures are relatively weak, especially the quality of raw milk safety risk factor analysis, early warning, to eliminate and emergency disposal system are still in the blank stage. The author tries to analysis the Xinjiang current production status and quality and safety of raw milk, quality and safety of preliminary discussion on the possible risk factors, in order to analyze the raw milk quality and safety risk factors in Xinjiang.

This study selected Saihan district and Helingeer County in Hohhot dairy cattles are more in which to evaluate the pollution of risk factor in feedstuff and milk in scale raising farms and cow areas, and the research investigated veterinary drugs species in dairy cattle feeding. Evaluated risk factors in feedstuff were aflatoxin B₁ and heavy metal plumbum, evaluated risk factors in milk were aflatoxin M₁, heavy metal plumbum, colony count, somatic cell count and total antibiotics. The results showed that: ①The penicillin was used mostly in antibiotics, and veterinary drugs were used more in scale raising farms than in cow areas.②The detection rates for the two kinds of risk factors were 100% in feedstuff and did not exceed the standard.③Besides somatic cell, other risk factors in milk did not exceed the standard.④The other risk factors in cow areas were higher than in scale raising farms in addition to heavy metal plumbum.⑤Although the sample sizes were small,the investigation sites were selected at random, so the results to the investigation were helpful to guide the next risk assessment in milk.

A microwave digestion method was used in treatment of milk samples to determine lead conten. This method has the advantages of simple operation, less error. The lead in treatment solution was detected by atomic absorption spectrometry. The linear range of standardcurve was 0 to 40 ng/mL and the correlation coefficient was 0.9998. The recovery rates in milk lead were 90% to 95%. This method is not only exact and less error but also improving the detection efficiency.

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for determination of sodium hydrogen diacetate in raw milk. Protein was denatured with phosphoric acid then precipitated, and transfer sodium hydrogen diacetate into acetic acid in raw milk, constant volume, centrifuged and the supernatant sample over the membrane. The target compound was analyzed by HPLC with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as mobile phase, the target was identified and determined by external standard method. In the concentration range of 0.05 to 0.50 mg/mL, R² of calibration curve for the object was above 0.99. The recovery of target compound ranged from 90% to 110% with relative standard deviations of 1.0% to 4.1%. The detected limit was 0.05 g/kg,

ELISA for the analysis of aflatoxin M₁ in raw milk were determined.The experiment compared the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits from different manufacturers. The results showed that when the samples were spiked with 0.5,1.0 and 2.5 μg/kg of aflatoxin M₁, the recoveries were 93.5% to 103.5% by ELISA. ESLISA is an effective method for detecting of aflatoxin M₁ in raw milk.

Herein, aflatoxin M₁(AFM₁) was analysed on a conventional HPLC by a chromatography column packed with 2.6 μm core-shell particles and large volumn injection technique. The results show that the core-shell column is faster and more effective than typical total porous particles packed column even on conventional HPLC. With the same instrumental condition and weak injection solvent, the analysis time of new 2.6 μm core-shell particle column (4.6 mm×100 mm) is 51.5% and 21.3% of tranditional total porous 3 μm particle(4.6 mm×150 mm) and 5μm particle(4.6 mm×250 mm) columns respectively. Meanwhile, the peak height is 183.9% and 490.5% of the latter columns and the peak variances is 34.7% and 6.2% of the latter columns. This indicates that the use of core-shell columns on conventional HPLC leads to the reductions of analysis time and cost with increased sensitivity and accuracy.

Developing a method for determination on 6 kinds of corn gibberellic olefine ketone (α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalanone and zearalenone) in the milk. The milk was concentrated after extracted with acetonitrile and purified by immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction and then was determined on an ACQUITY UPLC^TM BEH C₁₈ column with gradient elution using methanol and water (containing 0.02% acetic acid) as mobile phases. The mass spectrometric acquisitions were carried out by means of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in electrospray negative ionization mode. The detection limits were 1.0 μg/L for 6 kinds of corn gibberellic olefine ketone. The calibration curves were linear from 2.5～100.0 μg/L. This method was specific, sensitive, and suitable for determination on 6 kinds of corn gibberellic olefine ketone in the milk.

An UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and established for rapid determination of fluoroquinolones residues in raw bovine milk. The sample was extracted by QuEChERS extraction Kit, and cleaned up by QuEChERS clean-up tube. An aliquot sample of 5 mL was concentrated by nitrogen gas. The analytes were determined by UPLC-MS/MS and quantified by stable isotope internal standard. The results showed good linearity in the ranges of 2.0 to 100 μg/kg for all fluoroquinolones. The method recoveries were between 80% and 120%, and also the precisions were lower than 20%. The method is simple, rapid, and sensitive. It is suitable for screening of fluoroquinolones residues in raw bovine milk and quantitative determination.

A method of hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry with microwave digestion was applied to determination of mercury content in fresh milk to explore the optimal method for the determination of mercury in milk.In this paper, the limit of detection mercury was 0.06 μg/L,the recovery rates of mercury were 96% to 104%,RSD was 2.5%. So,this method is simple rapid and sensitivity,suitable for determination of mercury in milk.

The antigen,antibody microarray for detection of drug residues in raw milk were currently very few relevant reports,were now commercially available chip portfolio that there were all kinds of antibiotics, insect repellent combination chip,growth-promoting agent and combination. In this experiment,which could simultaneously quantitative determination of 15 kinds of combinations of sulfonamides chip experimental study, drug residues in raw milk in the chip accuracy,precision and so on would be studied. The results showed that the linear range was 0 to 20 ng/mL,two horizontal spiked (2 times the detection limit and 5 or 10 times the detection limit dosage), their recoveries mostly were in the 80% to 120%, which the latter was better than the former, through previous levels spiked 10 times measurement results,the coefficient of variation mostly was in the 5% to 15%. Through the determination of all the negative samples below the respective detection limits,quality control samples were measured to the reference value of 80% to 110%. Prove sulfa biochip could meet the performance indicators of drug residues raw milk semi-quantitative rapid screening,screening for bulk samples to provide a reliable technical guarantee.

The author established a kind of method to check the residues of simetryn,chloroxuron,simazine,atrazine,acetochlor,butachlor in milk. The samples were extracted by acetonitrile,purified by solid phase extraction,and were determined by an ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C₁₈ column with gradient elution using acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) as mobile phase. The mass spectrometric acquisitions were carried out by means of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in electrospray positive ionization mode. The detection limits of simetryn,chloroxuron,simazine,atrazine,acetochlor,butachlor were 0.1,1.0,0.2,0.1,4.0 and 4.0 μg/L. The calibration curves were liner from 1.0～50.0,10.0～500.0,1.0～50.0,1.0～50.0,20.0～1000.0 and 20.0～1000.0 μg/L.The results showed that this method had specific, sensitive,and suitable for determination on simetryn,chloroxuron,simazine,atrazine,acetochlor,butachlor in the milk.

The analysis of pesticides in food and environmental samples is an important part of monitoring the condition of the environment. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a convenient technique to separate small molecules from high molecular weight organic matrices.In this application, eight organochlorine pesticides residues in fresh cream are cleaned up by a GPC system using Agilent EcoSpheres material and then determined by GC-ECD. DB-35ms Ultra Inert capillary GC column and Ultra Inert inlet liner are employed and provide excellent peak shape for this trace-level pesticides analysis. The linearity ranges from 0.9981 to 0.9996 over the concentration of 10~800 ng/mL. RSD were 1.83% to 7.92%.Method recovery and LOD are 92.4%~117.0% and 0.65 ~2.33 μg/kg, respectively.

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was established for the determination of β-sitosterol in raw milk. Theoretical studies had shown that the fat in raw milk belonged to animal fat, fresh milk should not contain plant oils or rarely contain phytosterols,especially β-sitosterol. Based on the analysis of the content of β-sitosterol in raw milk from different area,the identical method of mixing plant oil in raw milk had been given. Using the mass ratio of KOH aqueous solution of 1.25 of the 25 mL saponificate sample,100 mL vitamin C ethanol solution as stabilizer, liquid saponification with petroleum ether and diethyl ether,turn solvent to toluene,centrifugal inlet mass spectrometry. Selecting 60 m DB-5 capillary column with high column efficiency,the injection volume was 1 μL,programmed raising temperature to achieve a good separation of β-sitosterol and other alcohols and impurities within 35 minutes. Selected ion 414 quantitative,the detection limit was 0.10 mg/L. The linear correlation coefficient r was 0.9991. Using this method to detect β-sitosterol content in fresh milk from 6 different regions,the highest content was 0.86 mg/L,the content of β-sitosterol common plant oil were 1 to 3 g/L. In conclusion,using plant fat replace dairy fat,and each one percent of plant fat would produce β-sitosterol as 12 times as the milk without plant fat at least. Thus,mixing plant fat could be identified in raw milk.

PCR technology is an in vitro DNA amplification technique born in 1985,with specificity,high sensitivity,simple, and rapid characteristics and has been widely used in various fields of biological sciences.The author describes the basic principles of PCR technology,its application in several pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonellla spp,Shigella,Listeria monocytogenes and other harmful microorganisms detection in milk and dairy products.

This paper reviews the principles,characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of main methods of ochratoxin detection in milk. The purpose of this paper is to provide the reference for ochratoxin detection in milk and the basis research to the control of ochratoxin pollution.

With advantages of rapidity, objectivity, accuracy and non-destruction, non-destructive technologies,infrared spectroscopy, low field-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultrasonic technique and electronic nose, have been widely used in analysis of food. In this paper, the principles of these techniques were introduced briefly, the application in fresh milk detection were reviewed, such as the determining major components in milk, detection of adulteration, and analyzing microbiological parameters. Meanwhile, their advantages and disadvantages were pointed and further research was prospected. In all, non-destructive detection technology has an extremely large potential for future development and application prospect to detect fresh milk quality and safety.

This paper was aimed at using ultra high performance liquid chromatographic to determine hydroxyproline (Hyp) content in raw milk. Determination of Hyp in various conditions in raw milk on the effect of determination results obtained better conditions. The recovery rates of this method were 94.7% to 98.6%,1 to 16 μg/mL regression equation of standard curve was y=3286.5x+87.943,the correlation coefficient was r=0.9999,RSD less than 2.36%. The minimum detection limit was 1.0 mg/kg. The method had the simple operation,chromatographic separation speed,high accuracy,good precision, and could be used for quantitative determination of Hyp in raw milk,so as to determine whether hydrolyzed animal protein was added in raw milk.

The level of trace elements is an important component of safety and quality in milk. While certain elements such as chromium is essential at low level, an excess can result in deleterious effects on human health. This paper described a new method for demonstrating the levels of Fe, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn, Th, U, Hg and Sn in raw cow's milk, using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). Using microwave digestion method destroyed the organic matter in milk. Each milk sample was mineralised by using a microwave-assisted digestion procedure. Concentrations of trace elements in digested milk samples were measured by ICP-MS. The selected isotopes were in general the most abundant ones of each element, except in cases where polyatomic or isobaric interferences were detected. Method validation was performed by measuring a GBW 08509 non-fat milk powder and through the use of recovery experiments. Plasma-related matrix effects are also investigated in this paper. The study shows that addition of a set concentration of isopropanol to internal standard solution could eliminate the interference of carbon deposition. The accuracy and reproductibility of the determination of As and Se by ICP-MS was improved by this method.

Bovine milk is consumed widely in the world. It provides multiple nutrients to human, including protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. Protein is a major component of bovine milk. It contains caseins, whey protein and milk fat globule membrane protein (MFGM). Milk fat exists as milk fat globules in bovine milk and covered by a three-layer membrane which consists of lipids and protein. Recently, the identification of milk proteins gained interests. As the development of proteomic techniques, the number of identified milk protein is increasing. However, no fast and efficient method has been arisen to identify the MFGM proteins because of their hydrophobicity. Filter-aided sample preparation and NanoLC-MS/MS were combined and applied to study MFGM protein in present study. By using these methods, it is now possible to study MFGM in a fast and efficient way.

The objective of this study was to identify raw milk, pasteurized milk and UHT milk using turbidity method. There is difference of turbidity after adding chelating salts in different heat treatment milk. So, according to this feature, screening out chelating salts that can be used to differentiate raw milk, pasteurized milk and UHT milk is essential. The results showed that citrates (trisodium citrate, ammonium citrate) and phosphates (sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate) could disperse casein micelles and present quantitatively turbidity. However, trisodium citrate on raw milk, pasteurized milk and UHT milk turbidity distinguished most significantly, absorbance 600 value between 0 to 0.15 was raw milk, absorbance 600 value between 0.20 to 0.50 was pasteurized milk, absorbance 600 value between 0.60 to 1.00 was UHT milk. The main mechanism of this mehod included chelation of CN-bound Ca, dispersion of CN micelles, and formation of new types of calcium-chelating salts complexes. Turbidity method can identify raw milk, pasteurized milk and UHT milk fast, conveniently and more cheaply.

The titratable acidity,milk composition and alcohol test at the alcohol concentration of 64%,66%,68%,70% (V/V) were detected for studying the influence factor of alcohol positive milk (APM) occurring rate,and discussed the applicability of alcohol test on buffalo milk quality evaluation.The results showed that alcohol concentration of 64% was more suitable for buffalo milk alcohol test as the preliminary and accessory method,but only could be used as an initial or auxiliary means of quality evaluation.Through analysis different milk composition on the influence of the alcohol concentration and low incidence of acidity alcohol positive milk, the APM occurring rate increased with the rising of protein and lactose plus ashes content,and there were no significant changes for the fat content.

Milk quality is related to many factors, dairy disease is affecting the root of milk quality, cow mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows, and related with raw milk quality and yield. Currently,mastitis prevention and control is just started in China, therefore, mastitis detection technology for dairy disease control, milk quality, livestock development and people's health is very important.

The use of condition monitoring methods is known in the electrical power systems domain for many years. Recently it has been going interest in the animal health monitoring. Pedometer binding on the legs caused the mistakes due to the different habits between left and right legs. The solution involves a cow wearing an intelligent collar that picks up on subtle movements with the pedometer, provide the methodology and progress of cow's estrus detection and health monitoring. Estrus and health conditions can be monitored accuracy and the effectiveness can be improved via calculate, analyze and process the data of moving average and slope of linear regression.

The author described and analysised the development situation of China dairy industry during the period of transformation and upgrading in production, supervision, policy, technical popularization and cooperation, and it's to offer reference to research on dairy development rule, trend and orientation.

The author analyzed the quality and safety status of China's raw milk to find the main factors which influenced the quality and safety of raw milk and present preliminary preventive measures to deal with raw milk quality and safety problems.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the lutein on bovine milk physical and chemistry index of diet.Sixty Holstein cows were randomly divided into five treatment groups: The control group, the treatment group Ⅰ,the treatment group Ⅱ, the treatment group Ⅲ and the treatment group Ⅳ.The treatment group cows were fed daily lutein 50 g (A experiment material), 100 g (A experiment material), 100 g (B experiment material), 150 g (A experiment material). The lutein, milk fat, milk protein, lactose, dry matter content and milk yield changes in milk were measured in which 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 d. The results showed that the sample A was better than sample B of lutein the diet.Adding 150 g sample A to every cow and every day could significantly improve the content of lutein in milk.Recommended dietary lutein content in the production of the 150 g/d was appropriate.

The bovine colostrums is the milk of calving cows in the first seven days, it has great difference with normal milk in physical properties and compositions, which leads to the low yield, difficult collection, difficult control of the quality, inaccuracies in the safety evaluation system, the absence of the national quality standard and the backward supervision. Although the bovine colostrums can strengthen the body immunity, promote cell differentiation, accelerate wound healing, and so on, it will also cause some allergies, rejections, food-borne diseases. Eating colostrums dose have uncertain dangers. It is rules by the national ministry of health, there must not be any bovine colostrums or products from the bovine colostrums in the infant food.