In this study, by using a single nucleotide polymorphism-based method, 1350 bp cDNA sequence of porcine ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing protein 4 (Asb4) and 1811 bp cDNA sequence of porcine growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10) was obtained. Then we identified their imprinting status in ten tissues. Imprinting analysis showed that both alleles of Asb4 were expressed in all the tested tissues. Grb10 was paternally expressed in tongue, kidney, stomach, intestine and brain, while biallelically expressed in the others. We also used quantitative Real-time PCR to assess the expression of Grb10 in these tissues. The expression level of Grb10 was significantly different among tissues, which was the highest in lung and lowest in both small intestine and brain. These results primarily indicated that Grb10 probably was a porcine paternally expressed gene, but Asb4 was not imprinted in swine.

To explore the optimal methods of isolating, puring, proliferating of Mongolia sheep bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), and their multiple differentiation potentiality.Bone marrow (BM) was collected from one 30-day-old sheep by puncture method.BMSC were harvested by gradient centrifuge and adhesive culture methods.Growth curves and cells double time of passaged BMSC were determined.The P3 BMSC were cultured in vitro under adipogenic,osteogenic and chondrogenic inductive environments and induced into adipocytes,osteoblates,chrondrocytes.Their adipogenic,osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation properties were confirmed by histological staining such as oil red,Alizarin Red, HE.The Mongolia sheep BMSC were uniform spindle-shaped in appearance,showed active proliferative capacity and had S shape of growth curve. They could be induced to differentiate into adipocytes,osteoblasts and chondrocytes under different induction medium. The Mongolia sheep BMSC showed strong proliferation and multiple differentiation potential.It proved that the cells isolated were indeed the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

In order to explore the genetic mutations of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated in China, the complete HA segments of the ten H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses were amplified by PCR and the sequences were analyzed on homology and heredity evolution. The results showed that the amino acid motif of cleavage sites for all the ten viruses in the HA genes were RSSR↓GLF, which was consistent with the characterization of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus. 7 to 9 potential glycosylation sites were found in the HA genes and 4 mutations were found in the antigen epitope region of the HA genes of the viruses. The receptor binding sites were relatively conservative except that of 198 site and the leucine at the amino acid position 234 in the HA genes of six isolates indicated the potential of binding with SAα, 2-6 receptor of mammals. The results indicated that the HA genes of the 10 viruses and the vaccine strains displayed nucleotide homologies ranging from 90.4% to 99.2% and amino acid homologies ranging from 92.2% to 98.7%, respectively. They belonged to a branch of the A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 in the phylogenetic tree. The SPF chickens infected respectively by BJ15 and NJ17 isolates shed more virus and last for a longer time. The new occurring potential glycoprotein site NGT in the HA protein of BJ15 and NJ17 isolates might cause the enhancing pathogenicity.

Lasergene,Protscale,SOPMA,Mega and ScanProsite were used to study the structure, conservation and phylogeny of porcine oviduct-specific glycoprotein (OGP). The results showed that the full length of porcine OGP contained a complete open read coding of 1581 bp, which encoded 527 amino acids. The porcine OGP had obvious signal peptide and it was a secretion protein, it was no obvious hydrophobic region. The secondary structures were mainly composed of α-helix and random coli. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the amino acids sequences showed that the porcine OGP displayed nearest relationship with the sheep OGP, and lower homology with those of bovine. The OGP was a member of glycosyl hydrolase 18 family (GH18). The GH18 domain structure of OGP had high differences between bovine and porcine.

In this study, the Lbx2 gene was amplified by PCR, then the gene mutation was identified by sequencing. The gene expression profile of different tissues in pig was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. The results showed that Lbx2 was lowly expressed in liver, kidney and spleen. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by aligning the amino acid sequences of different species, which revealed that the porcine Lbx2 had a closer genetic relationship with the Lbx2 of Bos taurus, Pongo abelii, Canis familiaris than with those of other species. Moreover, five mutations were detected in the Lbx2 genomic fragment, including one deletion mutation and four single nucleotide polymorphisms. These results would provide a foundation for further studies on Lbx2 function.

According to the sequence of hexon gene of fowl adenovirus groupⅠ(FAVⅠ) strain published in GenBank,two pairs of primers were designed and synthesized.The outer primers amplified a fragment of 475 bp in length, and the inner primers amplification fragment was 237 bp in length. A nested PCR assay for rapid detection of FAVⅠ was established.A specific 237 bp fragment was amplified from DNA templates of FAVⅠstrain,but no bands were amplified with templates extracted respectively from avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9,Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV),duck plague virus (DPV), reticuloendotheliosis (REV), avian reovirus (ARV), Marek's disease virus (MDV). Sensitivity of the 1st and 2nd amplifications by the nested PCR assay were 100 pg and 1 fg,respectively.The sensitivite of the 2nd amplifications increased by 10⁵ times.The results showed that the nested PCR was specific,sensitive,rapid,accurate,and could be used as a routine assay for the detection of FAVⅠ.This method had good reproducibility, specificity and sensitivity, and might detect low content FAVⅠ accurately and rapidly. This method could be used as a method for the diagnosis and detection of clinical cases,and molecular epidemiological investigation of FAVⅠ.

We extracted chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) genome from liver tissue,amplified and gained vp1 gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).By using the recombinant DNA technology, we digested insert DNA and pET-32a (+) with restriction enzyme BamHⅠand XhoⅠ, and then purified pET32a(+) vector DNA and insert DNA, after that ligating pET32a(+) vector DNA and insert DNA. Transform recombinant pET32a-vp1 into non-expression host E.coli DH5α competent cells. Using colony PCR to identify positive clones and verify reading frame by sequencing.Transform the plasmid pET32a-vp1 into host E.coli plys. The recombinant bacteria was induced by IPTG and analyzed with SDS-PAGE. The results showed that vp1 gene was expressed in E.coli at high level. ELISA identified target protein was vp1 fusion protein. The present study would be helpful for the development of ELISA diagnostic kit with recombinant antigen of CIAV.

In this experiment, the effect of different concentration vitamin C on the mortality rate of bees after vitamin C treating and the expression level of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Acc-SOD1) mRNA using quantitative Real-time (qRT)-PCR of Apis cerana cerana was studied. The results showed that, with the increasing of the vitamin C concentration, the mortality rate of bees decreased significantly (P<0.05), but the expression level of Acc-SOD1 was no significantly changed (P>0.05).

Alpaca as a kind of high quality economic animal, its colour of the research could provide a theoretical basis for improving the alpaca economic value. KIT gene was selected to investigate the relationship of KIT gene exon2 with coat color of alpacas, and to analyze the homology to other animals by using RT-PCR.The results showed that the sequence homolog was higher than cows and goats,could be up to 96%, coded amino acids were higher, reaching 98%, while the homologies of human and mouse were lower, only 78% and 57%. The results could provide theoretical basis for accelerating the progress of Huacuya alpacas breeding.

The study on the evolution and expression pattern of cardiac α-actin in Luxi Huang cattle might provide some information to understand the function of cardiac α-actin. We did the bioinformatics analysis to show the evolution information about the cardiac α-actin, and we did the Western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments to show the expression pattern of cardiac α-actin. The results showed that the cardiac α-actin was expressed strongly in adult heart tissues, and at the same time it was expressed weakly in skeletal muscle. The expressed pattern suggested that the cardiac α-actin function was not only in heart development but in skeletal muscle development.

To investigate the effect of Seriphidium (Bess) Poljakin the Nanshan area, Shihezi, Xinjiang province on immunologic function of the normal and cyclophosphamide-induced hypoimmunitymice mice, the spleen index was studied by the organ coefficient method; the number of T lymphocyte of the spleen was studied by ANAE method; the phagocytic function of the peritoneal macrophages was studied by R-J stain method; the proliferation of spleen lymphocyte was studied by the MTT method; the antibody secretion was studied by ELISA method of the resistance of mycoplasma antibodies; the anti infection ability of the pathogenic Escherichia coli was studied by the Escherichia coli tapping poison test method. The results showed that Seriphidium decoction could improve positive rates of ANAE of T lymphocyte and phagocytic rates of the abdominal macrophage cell in the normal and cyclophosphamide-induced hypoimmunity mice; Seriphidium decoction could improve proliferative abilities of spleen lymphocyte on the normal mice; low dose of Seriphidium decoction could improve resistance to infection of Escherichia coli; high dose of Seriphidium decocion could decrease serum antibody titer and spleen index in the normal mice. In short, Seriphidium decoction could enhance immunological fuction on the cyclophosphamide-induced hypoimmunity mice; and had a two-way effect on the immunologic function of the normal mice. The results of the study provided the basis for the further development of immune regulator of Seriphidium.

In order to study the effects of leaves and seeds of S.album on growth performance and antioxidant function of Wenchang chickens. 180 70-day-old Wenchang chickens were randomly allocated to 4 groups. Each group had 3 replicates and 15 chickens per replicate. The control group was fed with the basal diet, test groups 1, 2 and 3 were fed basal diets containing 8% fermented leaves and 1% seeds, 4% leaves and 1% seeds, 3% leaves and 2% seeds of S.album respectively. The results showed that leaves and seeds of S.album supplementation significantly increased serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity of Wenchang chickens (P<0.05), but no evident effect on performance was observed(P>0.05). The result implied that leaves and seeds of S.album supplementation in diets could improve the antioxidant function of Wenchang chickens, and add the quantity was positive correlation.

To understand the regulation mechanism of rumen-protected vitamin D on dairy cows' hypocalcaemia in transition period, in the experiment, forty cows from an intensive dairy farm were divided randomly into four groups (the control group (C), Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ groups, 10 cows per group) according to the different dosage of rumen-protected vitmin D (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 g per day for each cow) supplemented into diet from day 10 before calving to parturition. And plasma biochemical and endocrinic parameters (1, 25-(OH)₂D₃, Ca, hypocalcaemia (HYP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT))were measured at 10, 7, and 3 d before calving parturition, at parturition,and at day 7, 14, and 21 postpartum. Results showed that level of plasma Ca was lowest at parturition, and increased gradually after calving in all groups. Ⅰgroup had higher plasma Ca from 7 d before calving parturition to 10 d postpartum. compared with the control group (P<0.05), the concentration of 1, 25-(OH)₂D₃, HYP and CT in test Ⅰ group were higher than the control group at parturition (P<0.05), the concentration of PTH was lower than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion indicated protective vitamin D added into diet in transition period might be concern with regulation of plasma PTH and CT, which could enhance absorption of calcium in intestinal tract, stimulate mobilization of bone calcium, and then prevent hypocalcemia at postpartum, and effect of 1.5 g dosage of rumen-protected vitamin D was the best. Dairy cows' hypocalcaemia in transition period was closely associated with blood calcium homeostatic regulating action.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding emulsifier on intestinal flora and immune function of broilers. A total of 640 1-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly divided into four groups, 8 replicates each group, 20 chickens each replicate. Test group 1 for the positive control group,fed with the diet for normal fats horizontal, test group 2 for the negative control group, contained lipid less 0.5% than positive control, test group 3 fed with emulsifier 1, was below the normal level of lipid supplemented with 0.05% emulsifier 1, test group 4 fed with emulsifier 2, was below the normal level of lipid supplemented with 0.05% emulsifier 2. On day 42, the blood, immune organs and digesta in ileum and cecum of broilers were collected for detecting the targets. The results showed that the different emulsifiers deceased the number of Clostridium perfringens in cecum (P<0.05), but had effect on Escherichia coli (P>0.05). Emulsifiers increased the spleen index and bursa of Fabricius index, respectively (P<0.05), but not effect for thymus index (P>0.05), and emulsifiers also enhanced the serum levels of IgA and IgM of broilers (P<0.05).The results suggested that adding emulsifier in the lower lipid diet could improve the intestinal flora and immune function of broilers.

The experiment was aimed to study the effect on the relevance of hormone level and dairy gain of Xinjiang Brown Bull calves by herding supplementary feeding. Selected 70 10-month-old Xinjiang Brown calves, and divided them into control group (grazing) and experimental group (herding supplementary feeding). Respectively, in the experiment we measured male gives birth weight, and tested blood samples of the content of growth hormone, testosterone, insulin, somatostatin, thyroid group, three iodine a gland acid and glucocorticoids in 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 d. The results showed that the sire calf serum GHcontents had no significant difference in test the whole period (P>0.05). The serum T content of test group calves was significantly higher than the control group in 90 d (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the control group and the test group in 30, 60, and 120 d (P>0.05). The serum T4 content of test group calves was significantly higher than the control group in 60, 90 d (P<0.05).The sire calf serum T3 content of the groups was no significant difference in test the 30, 60, and 120 d (P>0.05). The calf serum T3 content of test group was significantly higher than the control group in 90 d (P<0.05). In conlusion, Xinjiang Brown Bull calves were reasonably supplementary the nutrients of protein and energy, could significantly improve the dairy gain of the male calves under the warm season natural pasture grazing conditions (P<0.01).

As a biological catalyst, enzymes had been widely used in industrial production. But few of nature enzymes could be directly used for industrial production. So, nature enzymes needed be improved. Directed evolution was a molecular biology technique that allowed natural evolutionary processes to be mimicked in the laboratory, it was widely used to improve enzymes and achieved success. This article would be briefly described the methods and applications of directed evolution,meanwhile, the development of directed evolution was also prospected.

The success rate, stability and protection of the three animal models for focal cerebral ischemia postconditioning (IPOC) in rats with neuroprotective effects were compared, which established good animal models for the study of IPOC mechanism. SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, including model group 1 (middle cerebral artery coagulation craniotomy+bilateral carotid artery occlusion 30 min), model group 2 (middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) 60 min), model group 3 (MCAO 100 min), and then three groups were divided into three subgroups, named Sham subgroup, ischemia subgroup and ischemic postconditioning subgroup, each subgroup had 10 rats. Neurological defect scores were done in 2 and 24 h post perfusion, and brains were stained by 2,3,5-trichloro tetrazolium (TTC) to determine the percentage of infarct volume, and statistical analysis in 24 h post perfusion. The results showed that these models all experienced varying degrees of neurologicalsigns, and IPOC reduced the infarct volume and improved neurological function at different degrees. Among these, modeling with electrocoagulation ischemia 30 min was the best. Electrocoagulation adapted model of ischemia 30 min decreased infarct volume by 42.9%, and MCAO model of ischemic postconditioning 60 min decreased the infarct volume by 15.9%, while suture method post-ischemic adapted model 100 min decreased infarct volume by 33.4%. Moreover, the coefficient of variation of infarct volume for electrocoagulation adapted model of ischemia 30 min was the lowest. Craniotomy electrocoagulation ischemia reperfusion 30 min ischemia 30 s/ischemia postconditioning 10 s,then repeated three times, not only the protects of IPOC model was stronger, but also modeling had higher success rate, good stability and could be used as better animal models for research of IPOC mechanism.

The assay was aimed to investigate the effect of Streptococcus agalactiae on oxidative damage in mice liver and the beneficial effect of N-acetylcysteine against the damage. Forty adult mice were divided into 4 groups (control, NAC, S.agalactiae and NAC+S.agalactiae) randomly. Colorimetry was used to detect the content of MDA and the activities of GSH-Px, GST and POD. The results showed that, compared with the control group, there were extremly significant reductions in the activity levels of GSH-Px, GST and POD (P<0.01) accompanied by a extremly significant increase in the MDA content (P<0.01) in bacteria infected group; extremly significant increases in the activity levels of GSH-Px, GST and POD (P<0.01) accompanied by a extremly significant reduction in the MDA content (P<0.01) in NAC group.Compared with S.agalactiae group, extremly significant increases in the activities of GSH-Px, GST and POD (P<0.01), and extremly significant reduction of the MDA content (P<0.01) could be observed in NAC+S.agalactiae group, but when it came to control group, extremly significant reduction in the activities of GSH-Px, GST and POD (P<0.01), and extremly significant increase of the MDA content (P<0.01) could be observed. Thus, the results suggested that infection of Ⅰa S.agalactiae isolated from bovine could induce oxidative damage in mice liver, and NAC (100 mg/(kg·BW)) pretreatment could enhance the activities of GSH-Px, GST and POD, and decrease the MDA content to reduce the damage degree.

The objective of this study was to define the effect of sodium selenite on hepatocyte apoptosis and the decrease of mitochondrion transmembrane potential induced by free fatty acids (FFA). Primary rat hepatocytes were obtained with two-step collagenase perfusion method. We estimated hepatocyte apoptosis, liver function and mitochondrion transmembrane potential in FFA treated group with or without sodium selenite (0.1 μmol/L). Our data indicated that FFA changed dose-dependently hepatocyte apoptosis, liver function and mitochondrion transmembrane potential, whereas the presence of sodium selenite reversed these alternations.

Fifty 30-day-old healthy Kunming mice were randomly divided into the control group, the test groups of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ (n=10). These groups were given copper sulphate 0,20,50,100 and 100 mg/kg body weight by the way of gavage, individually. The group Ⅳ were drank 500 mg/L VC solution, and the other groups drunk distilled water freely. At the beginning of the experiment, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d weighed and collected blood through tail vein blood. The blood routine test was performed. Through the total trial period, compared with the control group, the weight, the number of red and white blood cells, hemoglobin content of the group Ⅰ had no significant difference (P>0.05); on the 28th day, the number of the red blood cells and white blood cells significantly decreased and increased (P<0.05), respectively, and the body weight and hemoglobin content had no significance (P>0.05) in group Ⅱ; On the 28th day, the weight and red blood cells number extremely significantly reduced (P<0.01), the content of hemoglobin significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the white blood cells number had no significance (P>0.05) in group Ⅲ.Compared with the group Ⅲ, the body weight of mice in tested group Ⅳ was significantly increased on 21th and 28th day (P<0.05), but the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin content, white blood cells showed no significant difference (P>0.05). This study indicated that high doses of copper could significantly reduce the growth of mice, the number of red and white blood cells and the content of hemoglobin. Although VC partially reversed the decreased weight due to the high copper, it had no significant effect on the decreased red and white blood cells, hemoglobin caused by high copper.

The effects of cyperone on chicken alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells infected by APEC-O78 were evaluated through determining TNF-α, IL-10, TLR-4 and TLR-5 in vitro. The results showed that 0.5 μg/mL cyperone significantly decreased the secretion of TNF-α(P<0.05). 1 μg/mL cyperone extremly significantly increased IL-10 secretion(P<0.01). Furthermore, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μg/mL cyperones all extremly significantly decreased the expression of TLR-4 mRNA(P<0.01), but had no effect on the expression of TLR-5 mRNA(P>0.05). The results indicated that cyperone might inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines of chicken alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells induced by APEC-O78 through blocking TLR-4 signaling pathway.

Using the flow cytometry to detect CD3⁺,CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocyte levels of the lacking milk renewal rats to study the effect of different doses of RIP on immune organic devetopment and T lymphocyte subsets in lacking milk renewal rats. The results as follows,①RIP could increase the thymus gland index and spleen index of the lacking milk renewal rats. The doses of RIP which had the best effectiveness in the thymus gland and spleen index were decreased by the days. ②RIP could raise the numbers of CD3⁺,CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the lacking milk renewal rats. 7 to 28 days of age, the numbers of CD3⁺ T cells in the A,C and D groups were significantly different from those in B group (P<0.05). 7 to 21 days of age, the numbers of CD4⁺ T cells in the A,C and D groups were significantly different from those in B group (P<0.05). The numbers of CD3⁺,CD4⁺ ,CD8⁺ T cells and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ vaules in each group were decreased by the days. This study indicated that certain dose of RIP could promote immune organic development in lacking milk renewal rats, and increase the level of T lymphocyte subsets.

The experiment was conducted to screen Chinese medicine which had good antibacterial effect in vitro of Riemerella anatipestifer. To extract the effective component of Cortex Eucommiae and other traditional Chinese medicine were by means of ultrasonic processing, ethanol and water bath heating, using tube double dilution method to determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts against Riemerella anatipestifer, determined the effect on the united bacteriostasis extracts of traditional Chinese medicine on Riemerella anatipestifer through thechessboard method. The results showed that the MIC ranged from the extracts of Cortex Eucommiae and other Chinese medicines on Riemerella anatipestifer were 15.60 to 250.00 mg/mL. The MIC of Cortex Eucommiae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix Isatidis, Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis, Cortex Fraxini and Isatidis Foliumwere all 15.60 mg/mL. But the MIC of Flos Lonicerae Japnicae, Rhizoma Curcumae Longae, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Astragalus and Radix Arnebia were more than 125.00 mg/mL. Through a combination of antimicrobial, we could discovery that Cortex Eucommiae combined with Cortex Fraxini had additive effects, Radix Pulsatilla combined with Cortex Eucommiae and Cortex Fraxini were independent of the united, Radix Pulsatilla combined with Radix et Rhizoma Rhei performance antagonism. Therefore, Cortex Eucommiae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix Isatidis, Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis, Cortex Fraxini and Isatidis Folium had good effects on Riemerella anatipestifer in vitro. Flos Lonicerae Japnicae, Rhizoma Curcumae Longae, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Astragalus and Radix Arnebia had no effect on Riemerella anatipestifer. Cortex Eucommia, Cortex Fraxini and Radix Pulsatilla could form a prescription inhibition on Riemerella anatipestifer.

High resolution melting analysis (HRMA) was a new molecular diagnosis method for mutation scanning and genotyping, which combined special saturated fluorescent dyes, unlabled probe and Real-time PCR. High resolution melting analysis was superior to other nucleic acid research methods, including an inexpensive closed tube format that was a rapid, accurate, sensitive, special and high-throughput assay. In this paper, advancement on the application of high resolution melting in molecular diagnosis was summarized.

Lactobaccillus were isolated from cecal contents of laying hens fed in cage and identified by Gram staining, strain morphous observing and biochemistry fermentation. The results showed that 15 strains were G⁺. Selected by antibacterial activity and identified by biochemistry fermentation with different sugar, 7 lactic acid bacteria were identified, and they were Lactobacillus viridescens, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Deshi Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides dextran, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp cremoris, respectively.

Nine microsatellite loci were chosen to detect the genetic diversity of Guihzou pony and Ili horse in this experiment. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were detected by 8% native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in silver staining protocol. Allele frequency numbers of effective alleles (Ne),heterozygosity (H) and polymorphism information contents (PIC) for each microsatellite locus were calculated by POPGENE software. The greatest variation was found from COR059, while the lowest was from ATH040 in all of 9 microsatellite loci. Mean numbers of Ne, H and PIC in Ili horse were higher than that in Guizhou pony. Mean coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST) of whole breeds was 0.041. It suggested that the gene of Guizhou pony was more homozygous than that of Ili horse, and both of them showed plenty of genetic variation.

The short-legged phenotype of domestic dog was a growth trait, in recent years, there were many reports about this phenotype in the respects of neuroendocrine growth axis, fibroblast growth factors and other related factors. The results showed that most factors leading to human short stature did not affect the size of dog's body except for IGF-Ⅰ, in addition, the discovery of fgf4 made a breakthrough in the research. In this paper, the research development of short-legged phenotype of domestic dog was summarized from the aspects of relevant hormones, growth factors and some related genes.

The biolistic technology has had a tremendous impact on research in plant and animal sciences. Particle-mediated gene delivery is known as an efficient method of non-viral gene transfer. And the advantage is that it can be used for both in vitro and in vivo, gene delivery to cells and tissues or organs which are more difficult in transgenesis. The hand-held gene gun is useful for in situ transfection of cells in skin and that of internal organs which is particular useful for animal transgenesis and gene therapy. These findings will arise further interests in application of this technology for more research and even production. This review sums up the progress of gene gun-mediated gene transfer in animals and do some analysis in the potential application of gene gun in animal transgenesis, its strengths and drawbacks, and prospects of the future development the gene gun.

Owing to harmed zona pellucida and decreased cell number after sampled, the survival rate of freezed embryos was lower than those from normal ones. The effect of freezed embryos by addition of ficoll and arabinogalactan in freezing liquid was analyzed in this paper. The embryo recoveries,developmental rate after culturing 24 and 48 h of all kinds of refrigerating fluid were compared with control group,and the final result was derived, 0.03 EAS₁ was the best refrigerating fluid in arabogalactan series refrigerating fluid, and 0.6 EFS₁ was the best refrigerating fluid in ficoll series refrigerating fluid, transplantation results in line with culturing.

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of fluorine on ultrastructure of mature sperm in mice epididymis, and provide the basis for reproductive toxicity study and detection induced by fluorine. 20 healthy male Kunming mice were randomly distributed into 4 groups including the control group(distilled water), low dose fluoride (25 mg/L NaF) in their drinking water,middle dose fluoride (50 mg/L NaF)and high dose fluoride (100 mg/L NaF)group. After 45 days exposure, all mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and cauda epididymidis were collected for further analysis. 2.5% glutaraldehyde had been used to fix cauda epididymidis, the ultrastructure change of normal and different doses of fluorosis mice sperm were observed by the transmission electron microscope. Compared with the control group, plasmalemma around the head of sperm fractured, plasmalemma partly had fallen off, some of the mitochondria swelled and the structure of mitochondria was vague in low dose fluoride group. The plasmalemma of mitochondria had fallen off, acrosome partly lost, the figure of mitochondria was irregular and mitochondrial intracristal space was enlarged in middle dose fluoride group. For high dose fluoride group, the plasmalemma of mitochondria had fallen off, irregularly arranged mitochondrion acrosome dilated, mitochondrial vacuolization and mitochondrial cristae was vague. The results showed that varying degrees of changes had occurred in the ultrastructure of both the sperm head and the middle of sperm tail, especially mitochondria displayed obvious structural abnormalities, and the higher the fluorine concentration, the more dramatic changes had taken place on the ultrastructure of epididymal mature sperm in male mice.

Myostatin(MSTN), also called growth differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8), could restrain the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal myoblasts through restraining the transcriptional activity of the positive regulation factor(myogenic determination gene) as the negative regulation factor of the growth and differentiation on muscle. MSTN gene had high mutation during evolution.In addition, its quantity and range of expression were different on different animals. Its expression,biology function, mechanism of action and research progress on different animals were elaborated in this paper.

The polymorphisms of Alu Ⅰ site at extron 10 of prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene in Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc populations from Taiwan were detected with PCR-RFLP method, meanwhile the total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA), number of alive weaning litter (NW), body weight of litter (BWL), weaning weight of litter (WWL) and weaning survive rate of different genotypes from the first to the third parity were measured, and then the relationship between reproductive performance and different genotypes were analyzed in this article. The results showed that the polymorphic sites of PRLR gene were found in all three breeds, in addition, the dominant genotype was AA genotype in Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc. Relativity analysis indicated that reproductive trait of AA genotype of Yorkshire from the first to the third parity was on the whole higher compared with AB and BB genotypes. AA genotype of Yorkshire in the third parity produced 0.31 TNB, 0.63 NBA, 0.02 NW, 0.65 kg BWL and 0.43% weaning survive rate more than BB genotype, while there was no significant difference between them.

The objective of this study was designed to determine the effect of soybean lecithin replace of egg yolk in the cryopreservation of stallion semen. After collecting, stallion semen was divided into four aliquots. We took 5% egg yolk (EY,V/V) as control group, and the treatment groups were different concentration soybean lecithin (SL,m/V):10%, 20%,30%. Frozen-thawed semen was evaluated the spermatozoa motility parameters, sperm plasma and mitochondrial membrane integrity, lipid oxidative production MDA. The results showed that the total motility was not significant compared 5% egg yolk to different concentration soybean lecithin (P>0.05). 30% soybean lecithin obtained the highest local motility and lowest progress motility (P<0.05). While 20% soybean lecithin produced the lowest MDA in all the groups, and had a better sperm plasma integrity. It also found that 20% and 30% soybean lecithin were higher in JC-1⁺/PI^-, but compared with 20 soybean lecithin had no effect (P>0.05). It was concluded that 20% soybean lecithin could instead of 5% egg yolk in the cryopreservation of stallion semen.

Pathogens were isolated from the ducks and gooses with typical serositis in farms of Guizhou areas. According to bacterial isolation and culture, the bacteria morphology, gram's staining results, bacteria growth requirements, colonial morphology and biochemical properties,twenty strains of suspected Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) were identificated preliminarily, and nine strains were identified as RA by PCR tests and animal inoculation tests. The isolated strains were serotyped, and antibiotic sensitivity analysis of isolated strains were detected with fifteen kinds of antibiotics. The results showed that these isolates had 4 strains of serotype 2, and 5 strains were not serotyped. These isolates were not so sensitive to some frequently used medicines such as pipemidic, streptomycin, kanamycin and erythromycin ratio of up to 80%, and only were sensitive to cephalothin.The results showed that there were some differences in identification results of biochemical test between the isolated RA strains and that of other regions, and different results were gained among strains isolated from different farms. All results obtained from this study provided a foundation for the medicinal therapy of duck infectious serositis in Guizhou province.

To detect the drug resistance genotype and phenotype produced by Aeromonas veronii isolated from different fish.PCR method was used to detect the aminoglycoside antibiotics resistance genes (aac (3)-Ⅱa, aac (6')-Ⅰb, ant (3")-Ⅰa, aph (3')-Ⅱa), sulfonamides resistance genes (Sul1, Sul2, Sul3) and tetracyclines resistance genes (tetA, tetC, tetM) in isolates. The drug susceptibility to seven Aeromonas veronii strains toward 22 kinds of antibiotics were performed with Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results showed that the detected resistance genes were aac (3)-Ⅱa (71.4%), aac (6')-Ⅰb (85.7%), Sul2 (85.7%) and tetA (28.5%),while the other resistant genes of ant (3")-Ⅰa, aph (3')-Ⅱa, Sul1, Sul3, tetC and tetM were not checked out. The seven Aeromonas veronii isolates were sensitive to Fosfomycin (100%), Polymyxin B (100%), Furazolidone (85.7%) and Ofloxacin (71.4%). They were resistant to Ampicillin (100%), Acetylspiramycin (100%), Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (85.7%), Sulfisoxazole (85.7%) and Tetracycline (85.7%). Drug resistance genotype had some correlation with the drug resistance phenotype.

Viral diseases had become the major factor of emerging animal diseases in recent years, which were generally unpredictable and caused heavy losses to the livestock production. Hence, how to rapidly diagnose and confirm the principle pathogen was a key factor for taking preventive measures. Traditional diagnostic methods of emerging epidemic were usually conducted by respective removal of known pathogen and combined with the clinical experiences. Accompanying with the progression of molecular biological and sequencing technology, direct detection of unknown virus from samples had been successfully developed. Moreover, these methods became the primary means for unknown epidemic diagnosis. This paper reviewed the unknown virus detecting methods and its application in animal viral disease diagnosis.

Retinoic acid-inducible geneⅠ(RIG-Ⅰ) is a key innate immune pattern-recognition receptor that triggers type Ⅰ interferon, cytokine and chemotactic factor expression upon detection of intracellular double-strand RNA of viral origin. It plays an important role in the constructing of antiviral innate immunity. Researches on the mammal show that RIG-Ⅰ takes part in the inhibition of AIV, NDV,and so on. RIG-Ⅰ is absent in chickens and duck RIG-Ⅰ can initiate an antiviral IFN response in chicken cell line. This review provided an overview of mechanism of RIG-Ⅰ activation with an expanded discussion on the potentials of improving avian antiviral ability and enhancing basis researches of avian innate immunity.

In this study, the oocysts of E.brunetti were isolated from chicken faeces in Baoding city, Hebei province by single-oocyst isolation technique. The results of biological characteristics indicated that the minimum prepatent period was 125 h for the E.brunetti strain, with an average size of 26.1 μm×21.3 μm, and a shape index of 1.22. This parasite could cause hemorrhage of intestinal mucosa in rectum, cloaca, and the posterior part of small intestine. Infected with certain dose of this parasite, the performance trait of chickens were affected severe, and 2×10⁵ per chicken oocysts could cause chickens to die, which indicated that the parasite had a relatively strong pathogenicity. The oocysts were further identified using specific PCR assays, and the results illustrated that the samples collected from single oocyst separation were mono-specific species of E.brunetti, which was named as BBD strain.

The phylogenetic analysis and biological characterization of one bacterial strain isolated from eggs was identified, based on the gram-negative bacterial biochemical identification system (cultural character and chemical properties), 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis and the other classical methods. The results showed that the isolate was Morganella morganii. Drug sensitive test showed that the isolate was resistance to furoxone, rifampicin, tetracycline, fosfomycin, polymyxin B and azithromycin. The sequence analysis indicated the isolate was highly homolgous with other foodborne Morganella morganii isolates.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a group of zoonotic enteric pathogens that can cause a series of human illnesses ranging from watery diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Infections of the pathogen have outbroken in China and worldwide. The article reviewed the distribution and epidemiological trend of STEC O157 and non-O157. Meanwhile, main virulence factors of the disease were reviewed for the purpose to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease.

In recent years,the function of these structural proteins of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was extensivly expored, the CSFV encoded non-structural proteins had also been studied, and the results showed that these proteins played important roles in the replication, virulence and regulation of the host cell function, there were still many unknow points needed to be investigated. This paper reviewed research progress on the function of the non-structural proteins of CSFV, which might provide references for researchers.

Lysozyme is widely distributed in animals, plants, microbes and other biological groups, and an important factor of the natural immune system and nonspecific defense mechanism. Combining with the physiological and biochemical characteristics of bacteria, fungi and virus, the paper summarizes lysis mechanism of lysozyme and detection methods of the antibacterial activity, and at last, prospects the applied foreground of bacteriostatic action.

In recent years, odor pollution caused by livestock and poultry feces had gradually become the focus of public concern. Generation and reduction of odors were a complex processes that involved a variety of bacterial species, and some microbes played a major role in the process. Therefore, it was the key to develop effective odor control techniques that understanded bacterial genera indigenous to livestock manure and their potential for odorous compound production. This paper reviewed the available information related to the types of bacteria in livestock manure, the main odorous compounds associated with different bacterial genera, and the new techniques used to control odor based on microbiological principles at home and abroad.

The whole plant of Bidens could be used in traditional Chinese medicine which possessed functions such as antipyretic, antidiarrhea, detoxification, promoting blood circulation, and dissipating blood stasis, etc. But due to its astonishing reproductive capacity, it became one of the invasive weeds in Guangdong province. Recent pharmacological and clinical researches had proved that Bidens had pharmacological effects including antibacteria, antivirus, antiinflammation, antimalarial, antioxidation, antidiabetic and antihypertension, etc. In order to fully utilize this medical plant and the further researches,development and clinical application to provide the reference,the author would review the chemical composition, pharmacology of Bidens and its application in the stockbreeding.

In order to study the effects of diet energy on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) of serum in Saibei meat-type silkies, selected 30 week of 60 Saibei meat-type silkies with similar weight, same source, and egg production performance, and dividied into five groups by energy level, the test 1 group was the control group, fed with the basal diet, the test 2 to 5 groups fed with the energy reduced by 5% and 10% and increased by 5% and 10% diet, respectively. By adopting the method of radiation immunity analysis (RIA) determinated serum FSH and LH. The results showed that at the end of the experiment, compared with the control group, the FSH content of test 2 group was significantly different (P<0.01), the LH content between the test 2 group and the test 1, 3, 4, 5 groups were significantly different (P<0.01). It indicated that energy by gonadotrophin secretion affected reproductive performance.

To understand the seed yield component factors of Setaria sphacetata cv.Narok, and explore solutions for improving the seed yield, 7 strains of Setaria sphacetata cv.Narok were analyzed, and 4 plant grains were selected with dividing into 10. In turn made up of 1 to 10 from the base part shed seeds, and falling seeds of the trial was for No.11. Results showed that seed yield per plant (W) of Setaria sphacetata cv.Narok was significantly positive correlated with reproductive branch number (X₃)(P<0.01),and significantly correlated with tiller number (X₂)(P<0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis on the seed yield per plant (W) were carried out, and the equation was W=-16.59156+0.42479X₃-0.03082X₅+0.04923X₆. Seed quality analysis on seeds of different sites showed that falling seeds of the No.11 had the best quality, and the second was No.7, and seed yield of No.1, No.3 and No.8 were higher than others, while No.9 and No.10 were the lowest. Research results found that middle ear showed high and stable production, 1/3 of tail ear was low production. Best harvest time should be selected when seeds in middle ear were fully maturation.

To establish a rapid duck enteritis virus (DEV) pathogen detection method, according to the DEV gene sequence in GenBank, we synthesized outer and inner two pairs of primers, established a nested PCR for DEV detection. The method used for normal duck embryo, healthy duck constitution, infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), all of the PCR results were negative, the sensitivity of first amplification was 10 ng, the second amplification sensitivity was 0.1 ng, the second amplification was more sensitive 100 times than the first amplification. The established nest PCR method had good specificity, sensitivity, it could detect low levels of DEV quickly and accurately, it provided a kind of efficient, rapid, specific and sensitive detection method for pathogen detection and molecular epidemiology of material such as of duck viral enteritis.