To study the effects of astragalus heteropolysaccharides (AHPS) on the expression of IL-6 and PR-39 of piglets, the proliferation activities of T lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood were determined by MTT, the IL-6 contents in serum were detected by ELISA, the expression levels of PR-39 in marrow were analyzed by RT-qPCR. The results showed that AHPS could promote the proliferation activities of T lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood.IL-6 contents in serum showed dose-dependent patterns at the same time, and increased significantly with the extension of the injection time.AHPS could increased the level of PR-39 mRNA and showed the dose-dependent patterns. According to the relevant literature and the results, we inferred that AHPS might improve the immunity of piglets by increasing the content of IL-6 and the expression level of PR-39.

To construct the recombinant E.coli BL21 in which porcine β-defensin-2(pBD-2) could be stably expressed and the antimicrobial effect was evaluated. Based on cDNA sequence of porcine defensin pBD-2 gene reported in this study,five gene fragments were synthesized according to the codon preference of E.coli in this experiment. The pBD-2 gene was produced by gene splicing by overlap extension PCR(SOE PCR),and pBD-2 was inserted into expression vector (pET32a) and recombinant vector transformed into E.coli,where recombinant vector produced fusion protein successfully. The fusion and soluble induced protein were cut by enterokinase to get the recombinant pBD-2. Agarose diffusion assay showed that the pBD-2 had an antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The pBD-2 was expressed successfully and casted a light for massive production of the pig defensin, a new antimicrobial agent.

Through RT-PCR amplification of tissue or blood sample from Shanxi province, the 5 ORF5 gene nucleotide sequences were obtained. The obtained sequences and the deduced amino acid were analyzed and compared with the other published PRRSV strains. The nucleotide homology were 97.7% to 98.5% among 5 ORF5,comparing with LV, the strains isolated from China in 2006 to 2007, the strains isolated before 2006, Resp PRRS MLV and MLV RespPRRS/Repro, the nucleotide homology were 63.5% to 64.0%, 88.7% to 89.2%, 97.7% to 99.3%, 88.1% to 96.7%, 88.6% to 89.1%.The aniniacid homology were 56.1% to 56.6%,87.8% to 88.8%,96.6% to 98.5%,85.9% to 93.2%,86.8% to 87.9%, respectively. The results showed that the prevalent PRRSV strains in Shanxi belong to North American genotype which had high homology and correlative genetic relationship.

To study the correlation between 50% tissue-culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) value and p27 antigen's S/P value of subgroup B avian leukosis virus and discuss their significance, chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells were inoculated with subgroup B avian leukosis virus strain SDAU09C2 and samples were taken continuously for ten days after changing maintenance media. The correlations between TCID₅₀ value and p27 antigen's S/P value of ten days were then detected. Simultaneously, DF-1 cells were inoculated with it and passed to 20 generations. Samples taken from 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th generation were received the TCID₅₀ titer determination and the p27 antigen examination separately. A significant Pearson correlation was found between them in CEF cells (r=0.85277; P<0.0001) and in DF-1 cells (r=0.93000; P=0.0220). This study provided an important parameter for predicting TCID₅₀ by detecting the p27 antigen's S/P value.

The nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector, and then using E.coli BL21(DE3) to express this protein. NP gene was amplified from cRNA which was reverse transcription of RNA of NDV La Sota strain, then the gene was cloned into pET-30a. PCR,digestion and sequencing were used to identify positive plasmid, which named pET-NDV NP; the identified recombined plasmid was expressed by E.coli BL21(DE3) and induced by IPTG, the expressed products were purified by Ni-NTA Ni⁺ affinity column; SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the expressed protein; Western blotting was used to identify the reaction activity. The results showed that the sequence of NP gene was consistent with predicted size, 1470 bp. PCR, digestion and sequencing results showed that the recombinant plasmid pET-NDV NP was correct. NP protein was successfully expressed by E.coli BL21(DE3), then the recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA Ni⁺ affinity column and the concentration of the purified protein was 3 mg/mL. The recombinant protein could react with the antibody of NDV NP protein using the method of Western blotting assay. In summary, the recombinant plasmid pET-NDV NP containing NP gene was constructed and recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3) and purified.

367 swine entrails were detected by PCR, and 2a/2b subgenetype was deferential by PCR. 164 positive samples were confirmed subgenotype PCV2a and PCV2b. The PCV2b positive proportion in sick swinery was higher than that in healthy swinery, while PCV2a positive proportion was lower in sick swinery than that in healthy swinery. Amino acid sites of ORF2 were compared in 12 PCV2 isolates,and 9 PCV2b isolates were more virulent than that of 3 PCV2a isolates. The research indicated that PCV2b was more virulent than PCV2a by epidemiology survey and amino acid sites comparison.

Region A of fibronectin-binding protein A (FnbpA) was amplified by PCR and the recombinant expression vector pVAX-SFn was constructed.Expressed protein was analyzed and identified by Western blotting and ELISA. Then the recombinant plasmid was used to immune C57BL/6 mice and induced antibody, T lymphocyte proliferative response and experiment mice challenge test were measured. The results showed that cellular and humoral immune responses induced by recombinant plamid were much stronger than the control one. The challenge experiment in immunized C57BL/6 mice indicated that the recombinant eukaryotic plasmid based on FnbpA could induce immune response effectively in mice. This result built a good foundation for practical use of this DNA vaccine in future.

Since the resurrection of Sleeping Beauty(SB11), piggyBac(PB) is also described to work in mammals. DNA transposons are mobile genetic units identified in many mammals, can change the structures of genome and influence the function of special gene. The exogenous gene can be inserted into a new locus by transposase following a 'cut and paste' mechanism, so transposons have been widely used as tools to study the gene function, generate transgenic animals, and research gene therapy. Compared with SB11, PB has higher transposition level, no dose inhibition effect, and can carry larger fragments, thus PB has been cared more and more recently. Herein, we describe its mechanism of action,the factors influencing the transgenic effects,and the application in mammals.

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase. The abnormal activities of mTOR signaling pathways are tightly related to tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. mTOR is a potential therapeutic target.Apart from rapamycin and homologues,many new mTOR inhibitors have come into market. The structure,function,signaling pathway and inhibitors of mTOR are reviewed in this article.

An indirect ELISA was established to detect antibody against duck hemorrhagic disease virus (DHDV) using purified DHDV as coating antigen.The reaction conditions were optimized, including 7.06 μg/well coating antigen of the virus,1:25 dilution of testing serum and 1:500 dilution of HRP conjugated anti-duck IgG with cutoff-value of 0.44 (D_{450 nm}).The specific tests showed that there were no cross-reaction to the anti-serum against duck plague virus, duck hepatitis virus, Muscovy duck parvovirus, Muscovy duck reovirus, which showed that the ELISA was specific to anti-serum against DHDV. The intro-and inter-assay indicated that the coefficient of maximum variation was 0.0221 and 0.0032, respectively, which showed that the method had good stability. And the result was the same as the neutralization test. The method was proved to be rapid,specific and repetitive by detecting different serum samples from immune ducks, which might be used as a serodiagnosis of DHDV.

microRNAs are very important to regulate and control the expression of eukaryotic gene, they have an significant impact on signaling pathways, apoptosis and metabolism, myogenesis, the brain, cancer and viral infection. There are more and more research to do in this field. Here we introduced the function of miroRNAs and new researches of the microRNAs being the key factor in virus and animals. We expected that this article could be helpful to research on microRNAs.

Deer antlers, derivatives of periosteum cells, are the only mammalian appendages capable of full renewal in yearly cycle. Antler regeneration along with the rapid generation of skin, blood vessels and nerves, and a variety of peptides and growth factors are involved, all of that are regulated by a series of complex and sophisticated signal pathways. This paper summarizes the histological progress of antler regeneration and the present research status of signaling pathways thereof, with a focus on signal transduction pathways to reveal the mystery of antler regeneration, with the aim to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of mammalian organ regeneration.

To identify and differentiate rapidly the cause of clinical diseases, a double RT-PCR was developed. Two sets of specific primers were designed according to the sequences of avian reovirus (ARV) and avian leukosis virus (ALV) in the GenBank. A double polymerase chain reaction was optimized to simultaneously detect two pathogens of ARV and ALV in this article. The double RT-PCR system would amplify a 485 bp fragment for ARV and a 673 bp for ALV simultaneously or separately in the samples,depending on its infection status. But not specific band amplified from other six avian pathogenic viruses.As little as 10 pg of ARV and 10 pg of ALV RNA were detected using gel electrophoresis after double RT-PCR. To evaluate the double RT-PCR, 31 clinical samples were comparatively detected.The data showed that the double RT-PCR method was 100% coincidence with the single RT-PCR, and it could be used for detection and differential diagnosis of these two viruses.

We utilized equipment of macrofauna open-type with respiration and calorimetric function to research effect of active dry yeast and cellulose enzymes on the concentration of rumen VFA and emission of methane in Grassland Red cattle. Four Grassland Red cattle with eight months,similar body condition were selected. We used 4×4 latin square method to complete this experiment. Group Ⅰ was fed the basal diet as the control group,group Ⅱ added 200 mg/kg active dry yeast in the basal diet,group Ⅲ added 190 mg/kg cellulose enzymes in the basal diet,group Ⅳ added 200 mg/kg active dry yeast and 190 mg/kg cellulose enzyme at the same time in the basal diet. The test was divided into four periods and every period included 37 days. The results showed that after adding active dry yeast in the diet, it had an obvious effect on concentration of propionic acid and total VFA (P<0.05).The concentration of total VFA and propionic acid in groups Ⅱ and Ⅳ had significant effect than that in groupsⅠand Ⅲ(P<0.05). Active dry yeast obviously restained the production of methane from Red Grassland cattle (P<0.05), emission of methane from group Ⅱ was 9.84% and lower than groupⅠ. The effect of cellulose enzymes on the concentration of rumen VFA and methane emission had no obviously difference (P>0.05). Therefore, active dry yeast could improve rumen fermentation, increase concentration of propionic acid, reduce emission of methane and energy loss from Grassland Red cattle.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different nutritional levels of concentrate supplementation on the growth performance and organ indexes in Hainan Black goats of three-month-old. The experiment was a 2?3 factorial design. Twenty four lambs with the weight of (10.56?1.28)kg were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 4 replicates in each treatment of 1 lamb per replicate. The 6 treatment groups were shown as follows:concentrate supplementation with 15% CP and 11.72 MJ/kg DE,15% CP and 12.55 MJ/kg DE,15% CP and 13.39 MJ/kg DE,17% CP and 11.72 MJ/kg DE,17% CP and 12.55 MJ/kg DE,and 17% CP and 13.39 MJ/kg DE. The experiment lasted for 90 days. The results showed that different crude protein levels in concentrate supplementation had significant effect on average daily gain (ADG) (P<0.05). Goats fed concentrate supplementation with 17% crude protein had the higher ADG and the lower feed intake/ body gain (F/G) (P<0.05). Different crude protein and digestive energy levels had no significant effects on organ indexes of heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney and stomach in goats (P>0.05). The organ indexes of intestine reduced with increasing digestive energy levels in concentrate supplementation (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that different crude protein and digestive energy levels in concentrate supplementation had significant effects on ADG,F/G and organ indexes and weight of intestine for Hainan Black of three-month-old, while for other organ indexes had no effects (P>0.05).

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of gender and dietary protein level on the growth and development of Xinong Saanen dairy goat during 1 to 100 day age. 80 male and 80 female lambs with good similarity were selected and equally divided into 4 groups and 40 lambs per group. The groups 1 and 2 were females,groups 3 and 4 were males. The groups 1 and 3 were fed granulated feed with 17% protein level,the others were fed with 21% protein level. In order to choose a feed formula that was suitable protein level for lambs growth and development,body size and weight of lambs were measured regularly and diarrhea rate was also counted. At the end day of the experiment,blood samplings were carried out and biochemical indexes were analysed. The results showed that the different level of protein had no significant effects on the growth and development of goatsduring early to medium term (P>0.05). Granulated fed with lower protein level should be fed to reduce feeding costs from early to medium term,and feed with higher protein level was better fed during middle and later periods to ensure the rapid growth and development of the lambs (P<0.05). Body size indexes were less affected by dietary protein level,and high protein level diet was easier to trigger diarrhea, male lambs seemed to have a faster tendence than female lambs in growth and development during the trial period. So,the feeding amount of high protein level should be controlled during lamb cultivation.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of glucose oxidase on the production performance and nutrient metabolism in fast Yellow-feathered broilers.Selected six hundred,0-day-old chickens were randomly allocated to 4 groups, and respectively were fed basal diets with the addition of 0,250,350 and 380 g/t glucose oxidase preparations. Each group had 5 replicates,with 30 chickens per replicate. Parameters in this study included the production performance on days 35 and 70,and the nutrient metabolism on day 45.The results showed that adding glucose oxidase had no effect on the production performance on day 35,while had significant effects on daily gain and feed gain ratio on 36 days to 70 days(P<0.05). Meanwhile,the D group had more significant effects than the B,C groups on daily gain and feed gain ratio(P<0.05). The addition of glucose oxidase in the basal diets had significant effects on the digestion and metabolism of dry matter,organics,crude protein and crude fat on day 45(P<0.05).In conclusion,the addition of glucose oxidase had significant effects on daily gain,feed gain ratio and nutrient metabolic rate in Yellow-feathered broilers with the range of 36 to 70-day-old, and in this experiment conditions, the suitable supplementation was 380 g/t glucose oxidase.

Effect of quercetin on eggshell quality in laying hens was studied.240 of 29-week-old laying hens with similar weight and laying rate were randomly divided into 4 groups,6 replicates each group and 10 hens each replicate.The control group was fed the basal diet,the experimental 1 to 3 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.02%,0.04%,0.06% quercetin.The results showed that compared with the control group,the experimental 2 group significantly improved relative eggshell weight during the laying peak period (P<0.01).During the late laying period,the eggshell thickness of the experimental 1,2 and 3 groups significantly increased (P<0.05),relative eggshell weight of the experimental 2 and 3 groups significantly increased by 0.27% (P<0.05) and 0.48% (P<0.01),the experimental 1 and 2 groups significantly decreased rate of broken and soft eggs (P<0.01).In eggshell,calcium content of the experimental 1,2 and 3 groups significantly increased (P<0.05) during the laying peak period.Calcium content of the experimental 2 and 3 groups significantly increased (P<0.05) and the experimental 3 group significantly decreased phosphorus content (P<0.05) during the late laying period.Quercetin groups significantly increased serum calcium content during the laying peak period and the late laying period (P<0.01),serum alkaline phosphatase content of the experimental 2 group significantly increased during the laying peak period (P<0.01),serum alkaline phosphatase content of the experimental 1 group significantly decreased (P<0.01),serum hydroxyproline content of the experimental 2 and 3 groups significantly reduced during the late laying period (P<0.05). In conclusion,0.04% quercetin effectively improved eggshell quality of laying hens during the late laying period.

The experiment was aimed to research on fermentation level of Bacillus coagulans strain applied for animals by adopting segmented fed-batch fermentation technology.The fed-batch in exponential and stationary phases were respectively increase the number of bacterium and promoted spore formation. The results showed in exponential phase that the quantity of starch additives was 10% of the total,the quantity of soya bean flour and fish meal additives was 5% of the total,the best fed-batch mode was fed twice equally (interval time for 10 to 12 h),on this conditions the living bacteria amount could reach 8.30×10⁹ CFU/mL from 6.80×10⁹ CFU/mL. The results showed in stationary phase that the best fed-batch concentration was calcium carbonate 0.10 g/L,sodium dihydrogen phosphate 0.156 g/L and methionine 0.30 g/L,the best fed-batch mode was one-off feeding,on this conditions the ratio of spore-forming could reach 85.63% from 75.78%. Therefore, the research through the experiment on Bacillus coagulans suggested that both the living bacteria and the ratio of spore-forming of fermentation broth were further increased by adopting segmented fed-batch fermentation technology.

The experiment was conducted to stduy the effect of Bacillus, Lactobacillus on intestinal microflora,pH and volatile base nitrogen (VBN) of weaned piglets. 24 crossbred piglets (Yorkshire×Landrace×Duroc) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments with 4 pens of 2 each and to feed for a period of 30 d. After the test, four piglets in each treatment were slaughtered, the digesta of the cecum and colon was collected to determine intestinal microflora, pH and volatile base nitrogen. The results showed that the Bacillus and Lactobacillus were making the relative number of Lactobacilli in the cecum and colon increased, the pH value of cecal digesta reduced, the pH value of colonic contents increased, and VBN of intestine content lower. The study showed that Bacillus and Lactobacillus improved intestinal microflora and reduced the intestinal protein rancidness.

The development and application of Chinese herbal feed additives had been attracting more attention by livestock practitioner due to its small toxic side effect, no drug resistance and so on. This paper reviewed the effect of Chinese herbal feed additives on production performance and immune function. More and more attention should be paid to use Chinese herbal medicine in dairy cows.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance and immunity in broilers. 200 one-day AA bilers with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates in each group, and with 10 broilers in each replicate.The groups received the same basal diet supplemented with 0, 2×10⁵,5×10⁵,8×10⁵ and 1×10⁶ CFU/g of Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The feeding trial lasted 42 days. The results showed as follows: in every test period, compared with the control group, the average daily gain in the group Ⅱ was higher, the F/G in group Ⅱ was lower, except at the age of 29 to 35 days. At the age of 36 to 42 days, the average daily gain in group Ⅱ increased significantly by 10.25%(P<0.05), the F/G in group Ⅱ decreased significantly by 14.83%(P<0.05), at the age of 28 days, the spleen index was significant higher than those in the control group, higher above 31.96% (P<0.05),the bursa of fabricius index in group Ⅱ was significant higher than those in the control group, except at the age of 14 and 28 days, the antibody titer in group Ⅱ was higher than those in the control group, at the age of 28 and 35 days, higher above 16.04% and 18.09%, respectively(P<0.05);at the age of 21,35 and 42 days, the serum immunoglobulin G concentrations in group Ⅱ was higher those in control group, higher above 81.94%, 46.67% and 15.63%,respectively(P<0.05). In conclusion, adding 5×10⁵ CFU/g Bacillus subtilis B7 in diet could improve the growth performance and enhance the immune function of broilers. These results indicated that the 5×10⁵ CFU/g was the best supplementation.

During the process of pigs breeding, heat stress would alter the physiological function of pigs, change the biochemical characters of pork and debase the meat quality. Therefore, it is extremely significant to study the mechanism of the changes in meat quality caused by heat stress for practical production. The effect of heat stress on meat quality in pigs is reviewed in this paper, and the mechanism of the changes in meat quality is analyzed from the body metabolic changes. This review provides a new idea for the further study the relationship between heat stress and meat quality.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of phytase transgenic corn on laying performance and serum biochemical indicators of layer breeders. A single-factor completely randomized design was used in this experiment. A total of 144 27-week-old Hailan (grey) laying breeders were divided into 2 treatments with 8 replicates of 9 chickens per replicate. Chilckens of the control group were fed with isogenic conventional corn(CC) diet,and chickens of the test group were fed with phytase transgenic corn(PTC) diet. During the experiment,the concentrations of all nutrients (containing available phosphorus) in the diet of the two treatments were equal. The experiment lasted for 19 weeks, the preliminary period of the trial was 2 weeks and the trial period was 17 weeks. The results showed that there was no significant difference in laying performance between the two groups (P>0.05). The alkaline phosphatase in serum of the test group was significant higher (P<0.01) than that of the control group,however,there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the two groups in other serum biochemical indicators. These results indicated that PTC diet had no adverse effects on laying breeders during the experiment period.

Defensins are a class of cysteine-rich cationic endogenous antimicrobial peptides widely distributed in animals and plants.The defensins play an important role in the innate immune system of host defense mechanisms. This review focuses on their distributing, molecular structure, chromosomal localization, the expression and regulation of the defensin genes, biological effects, and the application prospects.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels on the expression of hepatic lipid metabolism related genes in Wujin pig livers. Fifty-four Wujin pigs with the weight of 15 kg were randomly divided into 3 groups and 18 pigs per group,and given to three different protein levels with low dietary protein (14%,12% and 10%),medium dietary protein (16%,14% and 12%) and high dietary protein (18%,16% and 14%) during the growth stage of 15 to 30,30 to 60 and 60 to 100 kg body weight. At the body weight of 30,60 and 100 kg,pigs were slaughtered and liver samples were taken for analyzing the expression levels of lipid metabolism genes by Real-time PCR. The results showed that hepatic expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC),fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) reduced while the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ⅰ (CPT-Ⅰ) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα (PPARα) increased as the protein content of diets increased. The study indicated that elevated level of dietary protein significantly decreased the expression of SREBP-1C,ACC,FAS (P<0.05),but increased the expression of CPT-Ⅰ,PPARα (P<0.05). Thus,the reduced synthesis and the increased oxidation of fatty acid collectively decreased the TG level transported to animal tissues and reduced the fat deposition in the body.

Some selective probiotic strains could inhibit the production of intestinal disease inflammatory factors,stabilize microflora,improve function of intestinal mucosal immune system. This selected probiotics improved intestinal mucosal inflammation and regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β,INF-γ by combining the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to control further progress of the disease. The aim was to explore its mechanism for providing new ideas that probiotics regulated intestinal mucosal immunity. The importance of intestinal mucosa,relation probiotics with Toll-like receptors and NF-κB,impact of probiotics on intestinal mucosal immunity were reviewed in the paper.

Forkhead box transcription factor O1(FoxO1) played a critical role in cell proliferation and differentiation of mammals. An experiment was conducted to determine the mRNA expression of FoxO1,PPAR γ and C/EBPα from perirenal fat of pigs by using Real-time PCR to study the role of FoxO1 in fat metabolism. The results indicated that in perirenal adipose,the expression of FoxO1 mRNA in Min pigs and Landrace of 2.5 months of age was significant higher than that in pigs of 1,6 and 8 months of age (P<0.01). According to the analysis of the relationship between mRNA expression of FoxO1 and PPARγ,C/EBPα gene,the expression trend of FoxO1 was contrary to PPARγ,C/EBPα after 2 months,which manifested that FoxO1 inhibited fat deposition through inhibiting PPARγ,C/EBPα mRNA expression. The results suggested that FoxO1 played an inhibitting role in fat deposition of pigs.

In this study, Guizhou White goat,Guizhou Black goat and Qianbei Ma goat from Guizhou native goat breeds, and Guanzhong Dairy goat and inner Mongolia cashmere goat from other province were selected for testing subjects, the technology of direct sequencing of PCR products was used to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2) gene in goats. The consequence showed that six SNPs(A96G,C20T,A239G,T192C,T164A and G91C) were found, among these SNPs, A96G and T164A lay in the exon 7 and exon 8, which were sense mutation and the others lay in intron. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the two SNPs in the exon 7 and exon 8 lead to the alteration of secondary structure of mRNA.

The primer was designed according to the closest animal published partial sequences, the PCR products were sequenced and determined. Combined with the known D-loop region sequence of other rodents,nucleotide composition were analyzed with DNAStar and genetic distance was analyzed with MEGA 4.1. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by neighbor-joining methods (NJ) and minimum-evolution methods (ME). The D-loop sequence of Chinese hamster had 867 bp, the nucleotide composition were relatively T(31.49%), C(26.07%), A(29.53%), and G(12.92%). The different clustering methods all showed a similar result. Chinese hamsters had the closest relationship with golden hamsters, but had relatively large difference from mice and rats, basically consistent with the traditional taxonomic status. D-loop gene might be genetic marker among species. The results of this study might be of importance for studies on evolution,structure and function of the mitochondria in Chinese hamsters.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MspⅠ locus in exon 2 of the IGFBP-3 gene was detected in the Bian chicken by PCR-RFLP. The relationship with reproduction traits in the Bian chicken was also analysed. The results showed that a C→T mutation in the 1087 bp of the IGFBP-3 gene was detected. Three genotypes (CC, CT and TT) were displayed, and the allele C was the predominant allele. The least square means analysis showed Bian chickens of the CT genotype had significantly higher body weight at first egg than those of CC genotytpe (P<0.05). The differences for the other four reproduction traits (age at first egg, weight of first egg, egg number at 300 days and egg weight at 300 days) among the 3 genotypes in Bian chicken were not significant (P>0.05).

There was a relatively stable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging system in the stallion semen. The stable system would be destructed when seminal was removed after centrifugation. Freezing and thawing process would not be effective removal of ROS, which would lead to the thawed sperm of various physiological functions, which directly affected the quality of frozen semen, by adding exogenous antioxidants could re-enable the semen of ROS generation and scavenging to achieve balance. This paper reviewed the ROS production system by stallion spermatoza and leukocyte, and ROS scavenge system by GSH-PX, CAT, SOD, VA, VE, and designed to provide some help to the people who studied stallion semen cryopreservation of sperm by ROS injury research.

In order to research the effects of Myf6 gene on the skeletal muscle of duck embryo, the mRNA expressions of Myf6 gene on the skeletal muscle during Gaoyou duck and Jinding duck embryonic stage on day 13, 17, 21, 25, 27 and 1 week after patch were detected using quantitative RT-PCR method in this experiment. The result indicated that the Myf6 gene expressed on both pectorals and crureus of Gaoyou and Jinding duck embryo, the expression of variation in both varieties were similar, and with different expression patterns in pectorals and crureus. The expression of duck Myf6 gene on pectorals showed that the highest level appeared at 21 embryo age, and subsequently expression levels decreased to maintain a relatively high expression levels.Expression level of Myf6 gene on crureus at 13 and 17 embryo age were higher, and the subsequent expression level were somewhat lower, then rapidly declined to lower levels after 21 embryo age, and its expression in the late embryonic stage (27 embryo age) and the newborn period (7 d) were slowly upward. These results indicated that Myf6 genes involved in the skeletal development, and different expression patterns in the pectorals and crureus suggested Myf6 gene might be related to development and differentiation of the chest and leg muscle.

Haemophilus parasuis had complicated diversities of serovars and genotypes. In this study, the H.parasuis isolated from the same farm were investigated the serovars by indirect hemagglutination test, and the outer membrane protein P5 genes were cloned, sequenced and analyzed with the neighbor-joining dendrogram from some strains. The results showed that the 42 H.parasuis strains were isolated and identified from the 21 diseased or died pigs. The serotyping results showed that there were 17 of serovar 5 (17/42, 40.7%), 12 of serovar 14 (12/42,28.5%), 1 of serovar 4 (1/42,2.3%) and non-typable (12/42,28.5%). Interestingly, we found that two different serovars simultaneously isolated in the same pig. Based on the difference of ompP5 gene sequences, the five different sequence types (STs, A to E) were identified from 21 isolates, in which STA was the predominant type in isolates. Furthermore, we also found that the isolates of the same serovar had different ompP5 STs, and even the isolates from the same pig also had different serovars and ompP5 STs. The above results exhibited that the serovar and genotype of H.parasuis isolated from the same pig farm possessed the obvious diversity, and serovars and genotypes infected the same pig also existed the diversities. Hence, this study further revealed the infectious complication of H.parasuis in pig farm, and provided valuable information for the study of infection and epidemiology in H.parasuis.

Taking different age of male young struthio camelus as its experimental animal, this research added different doses of boron into its drinking water, and adopted the method of radioimmunoassay (RIA) to detect the contents of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E₂) in serum under different levels of boron and at different age. It aimed to explore the influence of boron on the levels of serum hormone of young struthio camelus. The results indicated that the contents of FSH and E₂ of male struthio camelus increase with that of boron, with the change of the boron doses the contents of LH and T showed a certain relevancy,their contents rised with low boron while reduced with medium and high boron, the contents of LH and T rised with the age increasing and E₂ gradually reducing, while FSH firstly increased then reduced. The results demonstrated that boron had a certain function in regulating Struthio camelus' endocrine and reproduction, and age exerted certain influence on Struthio camelus'serum sex hormone.

The objectives of the present study were to amplify and analyse the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1(nad1) genes among Bos grunniens (B.grunniens)isolates from Qinghai province in China, and to study its phylogenetic relationships with Bos of the other species using cox1 and nad1 genesss sequences. The partial cox1 (pcox1) and nad1 (pnad1) genes were amplified from each B.grunniens sample, and pcox1 and pnad1 gene sequences were aligned using the ClustalX 1.81. Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) trees were constructed using the software Phylip 3.67 version 4.0 and ML tree was also constructed using Puzzle 5.2. The lengths of all the pcox1 and pnad1 gene sequences were 823 and 837 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the B.grunniens samples from Qinghai were clustered in the same clade. The results of this study provided foundation for further studies on molecular genetics and variation of B.grunniens.

It was isolated from blood, liver, brain, spleen of mortality pigeons in a pigeon farm in the pearl river delta region, inoculated on MacConkey medium and xylose, lysine, deoxycholate medium, after bacterial purification, microscopic examination, biochemical test, PCR test and drug sensitivity test, results showed that, 8 strains of Salmonella were isolated from 30 samples, the isolation rate was 26.7%, 10 strains of E.coli were isolated, the rate was 33.3%, 6 pigeons were infected Salmonella and E.coli, mixed infection rate was 20.0%. By virus isolation and PCR testing, results showed that 5 avian paramyxovirus of the 6 samples were isolated, the isolation rate of 83.3%. The incidence of death was caused by mixed infection of pigeon paramyxovirus, Salmonella and E.coli.

A total of 214 fecal samples were collected and examined for intestinal Klebsiella. 88 strains of Klebsiella were isolated and identified by a series of tests, including isolation of bacteria, biochemical tests, etc. The separation rate was 41.12%. According to the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI), antimicrobial susceptibility test, against 22 kinds of common antibiotics and other antibiotics, was carried out for the 88 strains of Klebsiella. Our results indicated that the 88 strains of Klebsiella showed varying degrees of drug resistance. They were of the highest resistance to carbenicillin (drug resistance rate was 95.45%). They had the highest sensitivity to amikacin (sensitivity rate was 77.27%).The phenomenon of multiple drug resistance occurred in all strains of Klebsiella. 64 of them were indentified to be resistant to 8 to 15 kinds of antibiotics,63 of them were resistant to more than ten kinds of antibiotics. On the other hand, the differences of drug resistance rates of Klebsiella against 22 kinds of common antibiotics and other antibiotics in four zoological gardens were considered. There was no significant difference of drug resistance rates of Klebsiella collected in CQ and BJ(P>0.05). The same thing occurred in SHW and SHZ, the strains of Klebsiella collected from the two zoological gardens performed the similar drug resistance rates. However, the drug resistance rates of Klebsiella in both SHW and SHZ extremly significantly differed from either BJ or CQ(P<0.01).

Infectious diarrhoea, particularly that due to pathogenic bacteria, is a major health problem worldwide. A variety of mechanisms have been identified by which enteropathogenic bacteria and their products can induce secretory processes in the intestine now. The major focus for many years has been the enterocyte (intracellular drug targets) and consequently this has been viewed as the most rewarding site for directing research and development into novel antisecretory agents. However, in recent years other secretory mechanisms have been discovered which include a role for endogenous secretagogues and the enteric nervous system.

Avian colibacillosis is one of the major bacterial diseases that caused by multiple serotypes of avian pathogenic Escherichia.coli (APEC) and a disease of severe economic significance to all poultry industry worldwide. The latest subgroup, pathotype, niche, virulence factors and pathogenesis of APEC were reviewed in this paper. Moreover, the future trended to prevent and control avian colibacillosis effectivenessly in the future also.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV) and classical swine fever virus(CSFV) all belongs to Pestivirus, Flaviviridae. It can cause immune failure by BVDV pollution in swine fever vaccine. But because of the similar of their virus structure, genome structure, and antigen characteristics, they have cross reaction. So it is difficult to detect the BVDV pollution in swine fever vaccine. In this paper, we have discussed the situation of BVDV pollution in swine fever vaccine and its detection methods, aiming to provide theoretical basis for detecting BVDV pollution in swine fever vaccines.

At the end of 2011, a new duck infectious disease emerged in Guangdong province. In order to identify the etiological agent, the pathological examination and RT-PCR were carried out. By autopsy, we found that cardiac sarcoidosis, accompanied with a few pericardial effusion; liver and gallbladder swelled; spleen was slightly mottled; pancreas and rectum with hemorrhagic spots. The samples from affected ducks and the allantoic fluid of affected chick embryos, were detected positive by duck flavivirus RT-PCR method. Sequence analysis showed that the isolated virus shared 99% nucleotide identity with duck flavivirus Fengxian strain. These results suggested that the isolated virus belonged to duck flavivirus and was the reason for the infectious disease of duck.

The purpose of this study was to diagnose, prevention and control the swine infectious diseases in certain pig farm. Disease samples were inoculated on blood agar medium and TSA culture medium for isolating pathogenic bacteria. The isolated strains were identified by biochemistry assay and PCR, and then animal experiment and drug sensitihty test was done. The results showed that the strains were identified as Streptococcus suis serotype 7 with pathogenicity to Mus. Drug sensitivity test showed that they were hypersensitive to enrofloxacin and cefazolin. This result was important for clinic to prevent and treat swine streptococcicosis.

Duck viral hepatitis is a highly fatal viral disease which spread rapidly and is one of the most serious diseases threatening to duck industry. The disease occurs mainly in the duckling within 3 weeks of age and its mortality rates can reach as high as 100%. This article reviewed the progress and prospect of the duck hepatitis diagnostic technique.

In November 2011, an avian disease was occurred in a local chicken farm in Shandong province characterized by obviously swell in and around the eyelid and the subocular sinus. One bacterial strain was isolated from the infected chickens, and the bacterial strain was initially identified as Haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg) based on the following methods,clinical symptoms of the infected chicken, isolation and culture of bacterial strain,morphological observation, catalase test, gram stain, animal regression test,vaccination and bacterial challenge experiments and PCR. In addition, the horizontal transmission test of the isolated bacterial strain suggested that the horizontal transmission of Hpg and repeated outbreak of IC in this farm were much related to the stocking density. Finally,the isolated bacterial strain was sent to R&D center of CEVA in Hungary for further identification, and the strain obtained from the chicken farm in Shandong province was serotype A Hpg(Shangdong strain).Besides,through the homologous comparison and analysis with the Genbank published Hpg gene sequence, it indicateed that homology of nucleotide sequence between our isolated strain and the reference strain could reach 99.0%.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was caused by reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), was an acute highly contagious infectious disease, mainly clinical symptoms were for the sow fever, anorexia, abortion and stillbirth, mummy child,respiratory symptoms and high mortality of piglets. The article reviewed the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pathogenesis mechanism of PRRS, the antiviral mechanism of TCM, and single medicinal herbs and compound medicinal herbs for the prevention and control of PRRS.

In order to offer a quick pathology reference on veterinary clinical diagnosis of rabbit disease,for one case of atypical rabbit hemorrhagic disease,the incidence and anatomical pathological changes were observed and photographed in detail. Through a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiological investigation, clinical symptoms, pathological changes, laboratory microbiological examination and serological test results,it was confirmed as rabbit hemorrhagic disease. The main pathological changes were that, heart congestion, auricle congestion, pericardial effusion, cardiac inner and outer membranes were scattered bleeding points in the tip size; laryngeal and tracheal mucosa congestion and bleeding, trachea were foamy fluid; pulmonary edema, hemorrhage; thymus severe edema, hemorrhage, and some swelling 3 to 5 folds, marble-like appearance; liver and slightly swollen, yellowish brown, fragile; splenomegaly was purple, edge jagged necrosis; stomach wall became thinner, the mucosa was easy to fall off; colon inflated bulging, serosal bleeding or bleeding spots; mesenteric lymph nodes, spotting; hydronephrosis, khaki, bleeding or bleeding spots; product urinary bladder, the bleeding point; females uterine edema, hemorrhage, etc. This article provided reference informations for veterinary clinical diagnosis of rabbit plague.

To evaluate epidemic station of canine influenza virus infection in Guangdong, and provide reference basis for the prevention of canine influenza, 1440 canine serum samples from six different cities in Guangdong province were detected for the level of antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The results showed that the average positive rates were 7.92% (ELISA) and 6.25% (HI), and the levels of antibody in Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Huizhou were higher than the other regions. The positive rate was highest in canines of 1 to 3 years old, and the morbidity of the canine influenza was higher in male canines. The results demonstrated that canine influenza virus infection was prevalent in parts of area of Guangdong and avian origin canine influenza virus H3N2 stubtype was the main type.

To find out the current situation of the viral diarrhea of swine in China recent years, the multiplex RT-PCR method was used to detect the samples of diarrhea pigs and clinical health pigs collected from 13 provinces and cities. The results were showed in the samples of diarrhea pigs, the positive rates of TGEV, PEDV and ARV were 2.65%, 24.49% and 3.20%, respectively. More specially, the positive rates of TGEV, PEDV and ARV were 3.11%, 14.83% and 1.67% respectively in the intestinal tissue samples; 2.80%, 28.42% and 4.86% respectively in the faeces samples and 1.08%, 31.89% and 0.54% respectively in the milk of the sow. The detection results of the healthy pigs showed that there were still infections of PEDV and ARV, and the positive rate of PEDV was 2.13% in weaned pigs, the positive rate of ARV was 1.42% in weaned pigs and 12.86% in suckle pigs. Conclusively, PED was the major cause of swine viral diarrhea in China at present, and PEDV and TGEV might infect young pigs latently, and all the virus of these three diarrheal diseases could be spread though milk of sow.

B-mode ultrasound scanner was used to test the uterus and ovarian of reproductive disorders in cows of several dairy farms in Heilongjiang province. Lots of typical images of uterus and ovarian diseases in reproductive disorders dairy cows were obtained, uterus and ovarian ultrasonic morphologic changes were observed and analyzed in this experiment for providing diagnostic reference to reproduce disorders diseases in cows.

Avian Newcastle disease had high incidence and mortality rate in poultry. The disease was mainly prevented with immune vaccination. Newcastle disease was controlled, but atypical Newcastle was occurred at the same time. The disease was epidemical in Red-rested crane in Jilin city zoo, atypical Newcastle disease infection mixed with E.coli was diagnosed. The epidemic was controlled by specific therapy of high immune yolk antibody and antibiotic therapy.

The effect of compound bacteria culture on the milk production,milk quality and somatic cell counts of dairy cows were examined in this study. Thirty Holstein dairy cattles were selected and divided into test group and control group. The control group was fed with the basal diet,and the test group was fed with 400 g compound bacteria culture per cow for one day in the basal diet.The experiment lasted for 37 d. The milk production,milk fat,milk protein percentage and somatic cell counts were determined. The results showed that the milk production of test group increased 6.84% (P>0.05),and the decline rate of milk somatic cell counts increased 29.78% (P<0.05) compared with the control group. Milk fat and milk protein had no significant differences (P>0.05) between two groups. These results indicated that compound bacteria culture could improve the lactation ability and significantly reduce the somatic cell counts of dairy cattles.

The distribution and depletion of clenbuterol hdrochloride in ovine eyes, heart, lung, kidney and spleen of sheep after treatment with dietary clenbuterol hdrochloride were studied. 24 sheep with the weight of (30±5)kg were used to determine the residues and depletion of clenbuterol hdrochloride.Sheep were fed 50 μg/kg clenbuterol hdrochloride for 35 consecutive days.Samples of ovine tissues were collected to determine clenbuterol hdrochloride concentrations by LC-MS/MS.The results showed that residues of clenbuterol hdrochloride were high in ovine eyes. The elimination of clenbuterol hdrochloride was slow in eyes. Clenbuterol hdrochloride concentration in eyes was 42.42 to 63.48 μg/kg on day 14 after withdrawal. The elimination of clenbuterol hdrochloride was the fast in spleen. Clenbuterol hdrochloride was not able to be detected (<0.7 μg/kg) in spleen on day 3 after withdrawal. So eyes could be used to monitor and confirm the illegal use of clenbuterol hdrochloride in mutton sheep.

Lacticacid bacteria, as the normal flora of intestinal in people and animals, which has the functions of maintaining animal intestinal balance, improving animals' immunity and many other profitable functions. It is widely used in food, medicine and feed industry, etc. The purpose of this paper was to summarize the classification, cultivation, conservation. The main function of Lacticacid bacteria was the application in animal production.

Methane emissions from the rumen and the excreta of ruminants are an important source of this greenhouse gas. But the quantification of methane emission from manure lasts for a long time, and it is difficult to detect the amount of methane emission, so the research on the methane emission from manure is neglected. This review introduces the techniques developed for quantification of manure-derived methane emission,and discusses the relevant factors influencing the amount of methane emission from manure,finally points out that it is indispensable to evaluate the strategies that can adjust and control methane emissions from the rumen and the excreta of ruminants simultaneously.

In order to explore different surgical approaches and key techniques of prostatectomy in dogs,four hybrid dogs of 3 to 5 months old,3 to 5 kg weight were selected. When they were divided into two groups, the two surgical accesses,opening pubis and pulling bladder through midline incision at the bottom of abdomen were used. After complete removal of the prostates,urethral stumps were surtured and the dog's spirit, appetite, drinking desire, defecation, urination, etc. Three weeks later,all the dogs accepted euthanasia and their bladders and urethra suture sites were observed. The results showed that everything was normal about canine spirit, appetite, desire to drink, defecation, urination, etc. There were a small amount of bleeding spots on the bladder mucosals and the urethra suture sites had healed well. The experiment also showed that 6-0 monofilament nylon and nodular suture were good suture material and method for urethral stumps, and that urethra suture sites were coverd with pelvic adipose tissue, and was effective in preventing urine leaking and adhesion with the surrounding tissues,which was favorable for urethral stump healing.

The pig industry is the leading industry of animal husbandry in China. It is an important part of the shopping basket of urban and rural residents. With the continuing development of the pig industry, farming dung impact on the environment have become increasingly prominent and one of the important agricultural non-point source pollution. This author reviewed the environmental impact of pig farming, comparision analysis several important dung treatment technology of scale pig farms, and put forward the suggestions of the scale pig farms dung treatment technology.