Myostatin gene was an important regulator of muscle growth and development, and the gene mutation or inactivation of the species also displayed the double muscle phenotype of the skeletal hypermuscular, suggesting that modulating myostatin gene expression may allow for increased meat production of livestock. To explore the biological function of myostatin in goat fetal fibroblast and generate the inactivation tool of myostatin, we had cloned the potent targeted site of myostatin into the transfer vector of the lentiviral RNA interference system, constructed the lentiviral mediated RNA interference vector to knockdown myostatin and detected the knockdown efficiency. The results demonstrated that the sequences of RNA interference had been inserted into the transfer vector rightly, and we had constructed the RNA interference of myostatin gene mediated by the lentiviral vector successfully. In addition, we obtained the lentiviral particles by co-transfected of the three plasmids into 293T cells could be transfected into goat fetal fibroblasts with high effective. The results of Real-time PCR demonstrated that the lentiviral vector Lv322 had reduced the myostatin mRNA by 75% (P<0.01), and Western blotting also demonstrated that the protein level of myostatin had been decreased by 94% (P<0.01). The results would provide the important foundation and effective tool to detect the function of myostatin and to generate the inactivation of transgenic animal in the future.

The mature peptide sequence of rabbit defensin NP-1 gene was modified with favour codes for E.coli and synthesized chemically.The target gene fragment modified was cloned into vector T-easy,and then inserted into fusion expression plasmid pMAL-p2X through digesting of two restriction enzymes.The positive recombinant expression vector pMAL-NP-1 was transformed into E.coli TB1,which could effectively produce the fusion protein MBP and NP-1 induced with IPTG.

To explore the resistance traits of Chinese Yakow, in the present study, the Yakow coding region sequence of the DRA gene had been amplified by one pair primer and deposited into the GenBank database under accession JQ347519. According to the ORF FINDER from NCBI and other bioinformatics tools, the length of the coding region was 762 bp which encoded 253 amino acids. Moreover, the characteristics of hydrophobicity, signal peptide, N-linked glycosylation and the secondary structure were predicted. Analysis the homology with other species and compared with cattle, Yakow DRA (bogr×bola-DRA) sequence showed highest similarity (99.0%). Unlike other MHC molecules, the DRA gene showed highly conserved characteristics across all animals especially ruminants in functional positions, such as antigen binding at peptide binding site (PBS), N-linked glycosylation, α1 and α2 domains.

This study fusing the spleen cells of BALB/c mice which was immunized with high purified equine chorionic gonadotropin and myeloma cells SP2/0 at the rate of 1∶10, and screening the positive cloning by the means of indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Positive cells were clone through limited dilution method, injecting the mixture into the abdominal cavity of mice after intermediate cultured. Antibody titer was assayed by ways of indirect ELISA. Eight hybridoma cell lines were obtained which could secrete eCG stably, titer reached above 10^-5. The obtained eCG hybridoma cell lines, which laid a foundation to assay the level of eCG.

The biological characteristic and analysis of the genome of a strain H9N2 AIV(A/chicken/Guangdong/QY/2010(H9N2))that isolated from Guangdong province in 2010 was investigated in this paper. The result indicated that EID₅₀ was 10^-9/0.1 mL, MDT was 104 hours, ICPI was 0.51, IVPI was 0; the whole eight cDNA fragments of the virus were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, after cloning and sequencing, gene sequences were analyzed on homology and heredity evolution, the result indicated that HA gene was located on the same branch with Ck/HK/G9/97 and Dk/HK/Y280/97 ,the cleavage site of HA gene was PARSSR↓GLF, 8 potential glycosylation were found on HA gene,the 226 site amino acid was L, the stenoplastic 226 receptor-binding site was changed from L to P, the nucleotide homology of the HA and NA gene to the Dk/HK/Y280/97 was higest, the nucleotide homology of the NS, PA, PB1 gene to the Ck/SH/F/98 was higest,the nucleotide homology of the NP gene to A/VN/1203/04(H5N1)was 95.3%.

Porcine IL-15 has a high similarity to human IL-15. Porcine IL-15 without signal peptide was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a,the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli BL21,and induced by IPTG. Recombinant protein was aquired successfully,then the purified protein was used to prepare polyclone antibody. Agarose diffusion assay,ELISA,Western blotting assy and immunofluorescence were used to detect the titer,specificity and sensitvity of the antibody. The results revealed that the polyclone antibody prepared in this study had a high titer and good specificity,and it could be used as the specific antibody to porcine IL-15 for the future research.

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG). According to the sequences of MG in GenBank, six primers were designed, and the reaction conditions were optimized. The results showed that the detection limit of this LAMP method was 10 fg/μL, which was 10²-fold higher than the routine PCR. There was no cross-reactivity with the other pathogen of chicken. The amplification could be finished by water bath within 1 h, and the presence of MG could be detected and visualized by naked eyes. These results suggested that this LAMP assay was a simple and specific method for rapid detection of MG of clinical samples.

In order to find the genetic mechanism which impact on the meat quanlity in different development stages of bovine at the molecular levels, we used mRNA differential display reverse-transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR) to identify differentially expressed genes in different development stages of bovine skeletal muscles. A total of 6 ESTs were found and subsequently compared with the nucleotide sequences in GenBank database using BLAST. S1 was highly similar to the bovine coffilin 2(CFL2) gene, the others(S2 to S6) were no significant similarity with existing genes or ESTs and were reguarded as the new EST. The mRNA expression of CFL2 gene was examined by relative quantitative PCR. The results indicated that the expression of CFL2 of 5 years old Mongolia bovine’s muscle tissue was 3.8 times more than 16 months old one’s. It was well known that the excessive expression of CFL2 could inhibit G-actin polymerization and accumulation of high quality type 1 muscle fiber, therefore, it demonstrated that the high expression of CFL2 gene might cause decline of the meat traits of Mongolia bovine.

A duplex RT-PCR for detection porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was developed using the primers designed basing on the N and M gene coding for the nucleoprotein of TGEV and membrane glycoprotein of PEDV respectively. The total RNA of standard TGEV and PEDV strains were used as the positive control to establish the duplex RT-PCR assay. The sensitivity, specificity and repetition assay of duplex RT-PCR were tested, and samples taken from clinic suspicious TGEV or PEDV infected pigs and having been testified by routine cell culture and identification were detected by the established duplex RT-PCR assay. The results indicated that the duplex RT-PCR assay was successfully established. The specificity and sensitivity of the duplex RT-PCR assay revealed that the threshold of duplex RT-PCR was 10 TCID₅₀/mL of TGEV or PEDV, and no products were amplified from the nucleic acid of ST cell or the other 7 kinds of pathogenic viral or bacterial microorganism acting as the negative control. The repetition test indicated that the duplex PCR was repeatable. The detection results for 22 clinic suspicious TGEV or PEDV infected pigs were consistent with the results tested by sequencing. The study suggested that the established duplex RT-PCR method was highly specific and sensitive,and was suitable to clinic rapid identified diagnosing of TGEV and PEDV.

Fatty liver in the goose is looked upon the delicious foods as caviar ,black mushroom by the occidental. For the fatty liver industry, it’s important to strengthen research on genetics and breeding, and cultivate new strains. Based on the formation mechanism of fatty liver, this paper reviews the research recently on relevant genes of fatty liver in the goose, such as SCD-1, LPL, FAS, LXRα, ELOVL-6, SREBP-1c, CHREBP which are related to fat synthesis, A-FABP, ACSL1 which are related to fat transport, and PPAR, CYP7A1 which are related to fat oxidation.

A virus strain isolated from young geese (gosling)with fever, feed uptake decline, diarrhea, standing instability and dyskinesia signs, in Guangdong area. The isolated virus ELD₅₀ to muscovry duck was 10^-2.68/0.2 mL, and had no hemagglutination activity on chichen,duck,goose or pigeon sera at pH 7.2. A animal regression experiment was conducted, and a similar disease was reproduced in 15-day healthy geese. Using specific PCR primer pairs,which was used to amplified partial E gene of the BYD virus, a 401 bp nucleotide fragment was obtained by RT-PCR.The obtained sequence was compared to the GenBank database using BLAST and the closest sequences were BYD virus(GenBank accession JF312912), which caused duck egg-drop syndrome in China, and a novel Flavivirus strain JS804(GenBank accession JF895923), which isolated from geese in Jiangsu China, with a similarity of 99%. These results suggested that the isolated virus from geese in Guangdong was the BYD virus of Flavivirus genus and called a brief name for BYD-GD1.

The pig sialoadhesin near the amino structure domain cDNA sequence which was cloned from the 90-day age lung health piglets macrophages with RT-PCR was subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a, to construct a recombinant expression plasmid pET-Sn150 which was successfully used to express a gamma recombinant protein subunits whose molecular weight was about 43 ku. By using the recombinant protein pET-Sn150 to immune the mouse, the mice sialoadhesin resistance gamma-irradiation His recombinant protein polyclonal antibody which could be tested by Western blotting and indirect ELISA could be achieved. And the result of indirect ELISA showed that the titer of the polyclonal antibody was 1∶12800. The specific binding of the mice sialoadhesin resistance gamma-irradiation His recombinant protein polyclonal antibody with the restructuring γ and unit protein revealed by the result of Western blotting proved that the recombinant protein had good immunogenicity, and that layed the foundation for a further study of its construction and function as the pig sialoadhesin near the amino structure domain gene was successfully cloned and expressed.

A rapid and sensitive colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay based on a monoclonal antibody,which could detect 11 fluoroquinolones(FQs) was developed. The monoclonal antibody was labeled with 20 nm gold particles as the detection reagent which was immobilized on glass fiber, and norfloxacin- ovalbumin was blotted on the test line while a sheep anti-mouse antibody was used on the control line combined on nitrocellose. The detection limits of the strip in pork and shrimp samples were 30 ng/g for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin and 100 ng/g for norfloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin, marbofloxacin, lomefloxacin, danofloxacin, sarafloxacin and difloxacin. The whole process involved sample preparation and detection could be finished in less than 20 minutes. The results demonstrated that the method could be used as a screening tool for the determination of 11 FQs residues in large amount of pork and shrimp samples on site.

The epsilon toxin produced by type B and D Clostridium perfringens, could lead to fatal illness in a variety of livestock animals, causing financial loss. In this study, pET-28a(+) plasmid harboring epsilon toxin gene was transferred into E.coli strain BL21(DE3)to efficiently produce epsilon toxin.Results of SDS-PAGE and Western blotting showed that recombinant E.coli BL21(DE3) could highly expressed ε toxin (about 32.83% of total cellular protein). On this basis, rabbits were immunized with 0.2 mg of the insoluble recombinant protein to evaluate immune protection of the expressed epsilon protein. Results of indirect ELISA demonstrated that anti-ε antibody titer reached the maximum value, 8.7log2 in the fourth week. In conclusion, the recombinant strain BL21(DE3) could highly express ε toxin, and the toxin had excellent immune protection.

The assay was aimed to investigation and analysis on mains pathogen in cow mastitis and pathogen sensitivity to antibiotics in dairy farm of Jilin city. We collected aseptically cow mastitis milk samples, and conducted isolation, cultivation and drug sesitivity test. The results was indicated that hemolytic Streptococcus was main pathogenic bacteria cause to cow mastitis in dairy farm. Not only the pathogen had strong drug resistance, but also it could resist many antibiotics. In conclusion, the pathogenic bacteria had strong pathogenicity and drug resistance in dairy farm.

We had isolated thirteen bacterial strains belonging to Bacillaceae from natural growth of healthy pigs intestin, and preliminary identified that nine strains of those was Bacillus subtilis, two strains of those was Bacillus megaterium, one strain of those was Bacillus licheniformis and one strain of those was Bacillus coagulans through the physiological and biochemical tests. And then we conducted experiments of acid resisting test, bile salt resisting test, antibacterial test in vitro and animal safety trials on the thirteen bacterial strains. The results showed that one strain of the Bacillus licheniformis named B7 and one strain of the Bacillus subtilis named B9 had intense acid, bile salt-resistant ability, and strong antibacterial effect in vitro of pathogenic Escherichia coli, and they were nonpoisonous. So, B7 and B9 could be as candidate species of veterinary probiotic.

Insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ) is an important endocrine and paracrine regulator of cell proliferation and metabolism. GH signaling is initiated by binding of two distinct sites of the GH molecule to two GHR monomers, which is followed by receptor dimerization and activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK-2) tyrosine kinase, then induces MAPKs, tyrosine phosphorylation of GHR and other intracellular proteins such as insulin receptor substrate-1 and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5). The activated STAT proteins accumulate in the nucleus to drive the transcription of IGFs, and IGFs translocate to local tissue by blood circulation and promote the development and differentiation of tissues and cells. GH mediated by IGF-Ⅰ regulates animal growth and cell differentiation. We will discuss the constitution and function of STAT and IGF-Ⅰ and relationship between both of them in animal’s growth axis in this review.

For facilitation of conventional PCR technology to identify chicken sex, this study took the whole blood of adult chicks as a sample by the conventional PCR reaction mix and Tap DNA polymerase for direct PCR amplification, optimization was conducted in adult chicken whole blood (from 0.05 to 4.0 μL), Tap DNA polymerase (from 0.05 to 1.5 μL) and cycle number (from 30 to 40) in 50 μL direct PCR amplification system. Anti-coagulant selection and storage temperature of blood sample were evaluated, sex was identified with direct whole blood PCR amplification and compared with gonadal sex in 62 of 1-day-old chicklings, 80 of 12-day-old and 80 of 16-day-old chicken embryos, respectively. The results showed that sex identification with direct PCR amplification with 0.1 μL whole blood sample was fully consistent with the gonadal sex, therefore it was accuracy in chicklings and chicken embryos. ACD, heparin or DETA could be adopted as anticoagulant and blood samples could be stored at 4, －20 or －80 ℃ for 3 months at least. Compared with conventional PCR, the direct whole blood PCR could be economic, efficient and low possible of cross-contamination.

To prepare hybridoma cells secreting specific monoclonal antibody against soybean agglutinin(SBA),the BALB/c mice were immunized by the purified SBA. The spleen cells isolated from the mice in the highest titer were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells after three days of last immunization. Two hybridoma cell lines secreting McAb against SBA were established after screening by ELISA and cloning four times by limiting dilution, named as A7,F12. The titers of secreting antibody from cell culture supernatants were both above 1∶2×10³,while above 1∶1×10⁶ from ascites of the mice. The subtypes of the monoclonal antibodies were both IgG2b,the molecular weight was 189.6 ku,the affinity constant was 7.1×10⁷ mol/L, Western blotting showed high specificity with SBA. The preparation of the McAb against SBA provided an useful tool for quantitative determination of SBA.

The effective component of FMD vaccine is the whole virus particles of FMDV. The potency of vaccine is correlated to the amount of the 146S in the vaccine. It is very important to detection and quantification 146S in the vaccine and during the process of vaccine producing. Currently, the main method is ultra speed centrifugation. In addition, ELISA is concerned more and more. In the same time, many researchers are exploring other methods that may be simpler and faster. In this paper, various methods are introduced.

Based on the published nucleotide sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus N gene, two pairs of primers were designed and synthesized, which outer primers amplified fragment length was 297 bp,and inner primers amplified fragment length was 212 bp. RT-nested PCR methods had been established through optimization of the RT-PCR reaction conditions, this method was more sensitive and reliable than ordinary RT-PCR, and could effectively reduce the false positive and pollution. It could be used for rapid diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of the PEDV.

A double PCR was optimized to simultaneousely detect two pathogens of PPV and PRV. Two sets of primers were designed according to the conservative gene sequences of PPV and PRV. It was proved that the DNA samples which contained PPV and PRV could be amplified by the double PCR using the two sets of primers and it would yield two specific fragments of 942(PPV) and 485 bp(PRV).But no specific fragments were amplified from other pathogenic viruses and bacterium. The sensitive determination result indicated that as little as PPV 22 pg/L and PRV 11.7 pg/L could be detected. This method could differentiate PRV,PPV and mixed infection from the reproductive failure.

To develop PCR detection kit for Toxoplasma and observe the effects of clinical applicaytion in this study. The MIC3 gene sequences of Toxoplasma were chosen to design the species-specific primers on GenBank. The PCR amplification conditions were optimized and a series of tests were conducted respectively in the specificity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, and stored period of the kit, and expanded clinical trials were also carried out. This kit could specifically amplify MIC3 gene the expected DNA fragment of Toxoplasma. There was no cross-reaction with other parasites, such as Coccidian, Giardia, Trichinella and Cryptosporidium. It was able to detect as low as 10 of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites DNA. The results of different batches of kits of the same sample were consistent, and had higher repeatability and stability. The kit worked well after being stored at room temperature for at least twelve months. Its effect of clinical application was significant. The results turned out that this PCR detection kit could provide a means of early diagnosis, epidemiological investigation and quarantine of Toxoplasma.

The Riemerella anatipestifer(RA) infection is one of the most important diseases to cause economic losses in the duck industry. The test confirmed the pathogen of dead duck for Riemerella anatipestifer by observing clinical symptoms, pathological autopsy, isolation and identification of bacteria. In view of the presence of the disease among farms and the dangers of duck industry, it is recommended to strengthen the duck anatipestifer disease diagnosis and monitoring.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of different levels and sources of dietery selenium supplementation on laying hen’s production performance and egg quality. 648 hybrid and laying hens of Beijing You chicken and Lohmann-pink chicken with age in 23-week were randomly allocated into 12 groups according to experiment requirement to compare the effects of different doses of two sources of selenium on production performances and egg quality in laying hens for 8-week feeding in this study. Both selenium sources were added into the basal diet at 0.3, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0,4.0 and 5.0 mg/kg of selenium, and 1 to 6 groups were added with sodium selenite while 7 to 12 groups with selenium-enriched yeast. The results indicated that the selenium addition of less than 5.0 mg/kg tended to increase the laying rate(P＞0.05) and had no significant negative impacts on egg quality,whatever its sources. The selenium-enriched yeast had better effects than sodium selenite on production performances and egg quality in laying hens.The best selenium level in laying hen’s feed was separately 2.0 and 3.0 mg/kg in the form of sodium selenite and selenium-enriched yeast.The group of selenium-enriched yeast was significant higher than the group of sodium selenite on the average daily feed intake and the eggshell strength(P＜0.05),while the group of sodium selenite was significant higher than the group of selenium-enriched yeast on albumen height and haugh unit(P＜0.05).

Three crossbred wethers fitted with permanent rumen fistula were chosen to measure the effect of different processed diets on parameters of the concentration of volatile fatty acid in sheep rumen. A 3×3 Latin square experiment design was adopted and the sheep were allotted in one of three diet-treatments, which were complete diet pellet, ground concentrate and cut roughage, and unground concentrate and cut roughage. The results showed that the concentration of TVFA of sheep fed unground concentrate and cut roughage was significantly higher than that of sheep fed complete diet pellet(P＜0.05). The molar ratio of propionate of sheep fed ground concentrate and cut roughage as well as unground concentrate and cut roughage were higher than that of sheep fed complete diet pellet(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),but the molar ratio of (valerate and isovalerate) was significantly lower(P＜0.01),and acetate/propionate was lower than that of sheep fed complete diet pellet significantly(P＜0.05,P＜0.01). It suggested that the diets type of ground concentrate and cut roughage or unground concentrate and cut roughage could improve the type of fermenting in sheep.

In order to investigate the effect of organic chelating manganese level on nutrient matter digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in female minks during the gestation period, one hundred and fifty healthy female minks were selected and assigned into five groups by randomized blocks, there were thirty replicates in each group and one mink per replicate. Supplemental levels of manganese were 0 (group Ⅰ), 15 (group Ⅱ), 50 (group Ⅲ), 100 (group Ⅳ) and 500 mg/kg (group Ⅴ), respectively. Manganese was added as organic chelating form. The results showed that dry matter digestibility and protein digestibility were the highest when the level of added manganese was 50 mg/kg in basal diet, fat digestibility was the highest when the level of added manganese was 100 mg/kg in basal diet. Nitrogen retention, net protein utilization, biological value of protein were highest when the level of added manganese was 100 mg/kg in basal diet and significantly different with 0 (group Ⅰ) and 500 mg/kg (group Ⅴ)(P＜0.05). In conclusion, the optimal supplemental level of manganese range for female mink during the gestation period was 50 to 100 mg/kg.

This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effects of vitamin A levels on serum antioxidant indexes and blood biochemical indexes of Hainan-Japanese cattles. Twelve Hainan-Japanese cattles with average initial weight of(148.17±15.52) kg and the same genetic backgrounds were randomly divided into four treatments. Cattles were fed on white corn-soybean basal diet as the control group, the experimental groups were fed on additional 2500, 5000, 7500 IU/kg vitamin A into their own variations and basic feedstuff. The trial lasted for 40 days.The results showed that the levels of vitamin A had no significant infuence on serum antioxidant indexes of Hainan-Japanese cattles(P＞0.05), but the vitamin A levels could increase the content of SOD and T-AOC in serum; the supplementation of vitamin A significantly increased the levels of glucose in blood(P＜0.05), and some of the key enzymes activity increased too(P＞0.05). In conclusion, some key enzyme activity in blood and serum antioxidant capacity could be improved by increasing the vitamin A levels in diets, the supplementation of vitamin A 7500 IU/kg was the best.

The supplementation of feed additives, which have become an important method to prevent and control heat stress in dairy cows, could improve the milk production significantly. The types, functional mechanisms and practice effects of these anti-heat stress additives were reviewed in this paper.

Lactobacilli is not only the normal commensal bacteria in the intestine of animals, but also makes up an important portion of probiotic. Intestinal barriers mainly include the immune barrier composed with intestinal mucosal immunity system, intestinal mucosal barrier composed with intestinal mucin layer and epithelial cell layer, as well as the biological barrier composed with gut microflora. This review mainly summarizes the regulative effects of Lactobacillus on intestinal barrier functions.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different oligosaccharides and small peptides on the small intestinal villi histology of mice fed with high-fat diet. Seventy-two male ICR mice with initial average body weight of 24 g±2 g were randomly divided into 6 groups, which were fed with basal diet, high-fat diet, high-fat diet with 0.5% CP, 0.5% RP, 0.5% MOS and 0.5% COS, respectively. After 6 weeks, mice were killed to observe the mice’s small intestines in each group which were HE stained by light microscopy. The mice fed with high-fat diet lost small intestinal villus seriously and had a lower ratio of villus height and crypt depth than the control. All the high-fat diets with 0.5% CP, 0.5% RP, 0.5% MOS and 0.5% COS could ease the phenomenon of small intestinal villus’s shedding and short fusion, which not only increased the height of small intestinal villus, the ratio of villus height and crypt depth, but also shallowed small intestinal crypt depth compared with the high-fat diet groups. The protective effect of high-fat diet groups with 0.5% CP and 0.5% MOS on the protection of intestinal mucosa were the best.

The purpose of this experiment is to study the effect of carophyll red on RUIC,Cr and BUN in chicken. 90 19-week-old healthy Hailan chicken were randomly divided into three groups including the control group(0 mg/kg),the low does group(80 mg/kg) and the high dose group(8000 mg/kg). The drug was continuously administrated for 30 days, and then was stopped for 30 days. The RUIC, Cr and BUN were examined each 10 days. The three indexes in both withdrawal period and administration period of each group had no significant differences compared with the control group(P＞0.05). If the Hailan chicken were fed by fodder including carophyll red for a long time, the chicken might be caused gout and renal lesions.

Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) had positive effects of evaluate dietary protein requirement,energy nitrogen balance and nitrogen efficiency of diary cattles. This paper reviewed the mechanism of MUN,main effects of MUN production and MUN in dairy cows production,in order to provide a reference for the rational preparation in dairy diets.

Carbohydrate is an important part of the ruminant nutrition,different structure of the carbohydrates in the rumen fermentation rate and extent are inconsistent, which affects the digestive absorption of nutrients in the diet.This article expounds the effects of different proportion of structural carbohydrates(SC) and non-structural carbohydrates(NSC) on animal intake,digestive rate and rumen fermentation.

Many receptor genes related to hypoxia were found in plateau mammals. The main hypoxia receptor genes were hemoglobin,NADPH oxidoreductase,mitochondrial electron transport chain components, asparagine hydroxylase,HIF1 and so on. Although, a great progress at organ level and molecular level about mammals was made in recent years, the hypoxia signal pathway is not very clear. The recent progress of hypoxia receptor genes in plateau mammals was reviewed in this paper. The profiling of hypoxia receptors in plateau mammals will help us to understand how mammals adopt to the hypoxia environment in highland.

Comparing with the normal and non-stomach lysozyme, stomach lysozyme of ruminant keeps the high bacteriolytic capacity while normal or non-stomach lysozyme can’t survive and its efficiency of hydrolytic bacteria is weak in stomach environment where has rich pepsin and acid. This review introduces the physical and chemical properties of stomach lysozyme of ruminant, influencing factors of its bacteriolytic ability, its evolution history and so on. Further more, the prospect of stomach lysozyme of ruminant is also predicted.

Biogenic amines are derived from amino acids after decarboxylation by decarboxylase and served as nitrogen compounds for biological activity in plants and microorganisms. A small amount of biogenic amines may also participate in normal physiological regulation in human and animal physiology. However, excessive intake can cause food poisoning. In this paper, the technical control, intervention and analysis methods for biogenic amines in meat products are reviewed.

In this present study, promoter region of myostation(MSTN) gene of Guizhou pony, Debao pony and Ningqiang pony were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. The results indicated that there was one SspⅠdigestion site in the 204 bp amplified fragment. An T→C mutation at the site 156 bp of this gene by DNA sequencing which produced two sorts of genotypes, AA and AB, however, BB genotype was not founded in this study. The genotype frequency of AB in Guizhou pony and Ningqiang pony were higher than AA, while AA genotype was preponderant in Debao pony. The allele frequency of A were higher than B in all these three pony breeds. Guizhou pony and Debao pony were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P＞0.05), but Ningqiang pony was significantly different (P＜0.05).

This paper was conducted to study the methylation of bcl-2 gene and its death relevance with the hybrids of chicken-quail in early embryonic stage.The CpG island methylation status of bcl-2 gene promoter region was detected by the methylation-specific PCR in seven different chicken quail and its hybrid fetation stages(60, 66, 72, 84, 96, 108 and 120 h). The results showed that the hypermethylation (60, 66, 72 and 120 h) and unmethylation (84 h, 96 h) was detected in the chicken and quail embryos;the hypermethylation of bcl-2 gene promoter CpG islands was detected in the chicken and quail embryos treated by M.sssⅠ enzyme. Compared with the chicken and quail, the abnormal methylation appears in chicken-quail hybrid embryos, and methylation or unmethylation was detected in some sample (60, 66, 72, 96, 108 and 120 h),undetected in the others. However, unmethylation was tested in 84 h hybrid embryos. An important influence factor in early death of chicken-quail hybrid embryos were probably CpG island abnormal methylation of bcl-2 gene promoter region.

The objective of this study was taken to investigate the effects of different additive of maturation media and sperm pretreatment and activation methods on ICSI embryos. The results showed that the development of ICSI embryos got improving obviously by adding 30 ng/mL EGF in maturation medium(P＜0.05),it had no significant effect for ICSI embryos between ultrasonic treatment and microinjection in sperm(P＞0.05), and the electro-activation was suitable for ICSI embryos.

In this study,to provide the basis for the breeding and comprehensive evaluation of Guangfeng White geese,the body weight and body measurement traits were measured and analyzed by principal component analysis. The body weight and body measurement index of 5.5 months old Guangfeng White geese were analyzed,with body length,keel length,tibia girth and long plantar(P<0.01),but had no obvious relation with other body size indexes; the body weight of the gander had significant correlation with body length,keel length,tibia girth,semi submersible long,long plantar,broad pelvis and chest width(P<0.01),and also had relation with the long neck(P<0.05). Seeing from the characteristic root and contributing rate of the principal component,the first principal component mainly reflected body appearance characteristics,the second principal component largely reflected body characteristics,the third reflected neck characteristics,the forth and the fifth reflected chest characteristics. The body weight and most traits of Guangfeng White geese had significant correlation,and it suggested that the analysis indicators of principal component had important implication to breed selection.

The conservation of domestic animal genetic resources is important for coping with future breeding needs and the sustainable use of the animal husbandry. The increasing availability of molecular markers for most domestic animal species and the development of techniques to analyze molecular variation is widening our capacity to characterize the genetic variation of breeds. In this paper we review the different measures of within-breed genetic diversity,and their application for managing within-breed genetic diversity and for setting conservation program.

The 170 clinic suspected PRRS samples collected in the western region of Henan province from December 2010 to November 2011 were tested by RT-PCR. The PCR was used to detect PCV2 and PRV from the 102 HP-PRRS positive samples. The detection results showed that the total mixed infection rate was 58.52%, the double mixed infection rate was 39.21%, and the triple mixed infection rate was 19.61%. The PRRSV/PCV mixed infection rate was the highest, which was 33.33%.In spring and summer, autumn and winter season, the mixed infection rates were 48.57% and 81.25% respectively. The mixed infection was more serious in the autumn and winter than in the spring and summer whether the double or the triple mixed infection. Especially the triple mixed infection rates about PRRSV/PCV2/PRV were 11.43% and 37.50% in spring and summer, autumn and winter. There were mixed infection from suckling to fattening period, the mixed infection rates of PRRS were 42.10%, 50.00% and 100.00%. There was different mixed infection at different stages of swine. The chief mixed infection at suckling period was PRRSV/PCV2 (42.10%), the chief mixed infection at nursery period was PRRSV/PCV2 or PRRSV/PCV2/PRV(22.73%, 22.73%), and the chief mixed infection at fattening period was PRRSV/PCV2/PRV(50.00%).This research reflected the situation and the rule of the mixed infection (PRRSV, PCV2 and PRV),and provided theoretical basis and guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment of mixed infection and regional prevention in western region of Henan province.

To survey the epidemics of H1, H3 subtypes of swine influenza virus in some scale pig farms in some provinces, 799 swine serum samples were collected from 28 factory pig farms on 12 cities in Guangdong, Hunan and Henan provinces. The antibodies against H1 and H3 subtypes of SIV were determined by HI assay.The results showed that the positive rate of H1 subtype antibody of pigs was between 0~83.33%, the average positive rate of pigs was 46.18% (369/799) and the positive rate of pig farms was 89.29% (25/28).The positive rate of H3 subtype antibody of pigs was between 0~100%, the average positive rate of pigs was 61.33% (490/799) and the positive rate of pig farms was 85.71% (24/28). The average positive rate of H1 subtype antibody of pigs of Guangdong, Hunan and Henan provinces respectively was 48.91%, 40.26% and 50.67%, the rate of H3 subtype antibody was 58.55%, 70.78% and 78.67%.It showed that the infection of H1 and H3 subtypes of swine influenza virus was widespread in the surveyed pigs of the 3 above regions.The infection rate of H3 subtype was higher than H1 subtype.The epidemics of swine influenza varied in different region.

This experiment aims to investigate Chinese medicinal compound polysaccharide’s influence on mice immunocompetence with different components and different purities. Cyclophosphamide is used as immunity-inhibition agent to build low immunity animal pattern, which leads to the determination of peritoneal macrophage’s phagocytosis in mice and of organic index of immunity organs. The result shows that polysaccharide component A2 and polysaccharide B2 with average purity can dramatically improve peritoneal macrophage’s phagocytosis in the group of normal mice and in the immunity-inhibition mice group. These two polysaccharides can also enhance thymus index and spleen index and can reverse immunity inhibition caused by cyclophosphamide to normal level. Therefore it is sound to say that polysaccharide components with appropriate molecular weights and polysaccharide with appropriate purity can greatly improve mice’s immunity.

The paper introduced a pig farm.The clinical symptoms and pathological lesions and laboratory diagnosis were observed, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) was detected by virus isolation culture and indentification, the final diagnosis result was PPV. Because of the existence of the disease and the harmfulness to the pigs industry, the diagnosis and monitoring of PPV should be strengthened.

The levels of the antibody response against PRRSV mutant strain(JXA1) inactivited vaccine were measured by ELISA at different time for pigs vaccinated with JXA1 inactivited vaccine(HP group, n=3), pigs inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and with JXA1 inactivited vaccine two weeks later (when PCV2 viremia was detected by PCR, PCV2/HP group, n=3), respectively.And distribution of genome or antibodies specific to PCV2 of HP group and PCV2/HP group were detected by ELISA or Real-time fluorescent PCR, respectively.The results showed that experimental infection of PCV2 was successful.In pigs inoculated with both PCV2 and JXA1 inactivited vaccine, the antibody response to JXA1 inactivited vaccine was significantly lower than that of animals treated with JXA1 inactivited vaccine vaccination alone at 70 days postvaccination(DPV).The average titers of antibodies against PRRSV in animals of HP group were obviously higher than those of the PCV2/HP group at 56,63 and 77 DPV, respectively.The positive rates of antibodies against PRRSV in pigs of HP group were 67% at 56 and 63 DPV, but those of PCV2/HP group were both 0. The positive rates of antibodies against PRRSV in pigs of HP group were 100% at 70 and 77 DPV, but those of PCV2/HP group were 0 and 33%, respectively.The results suggested that the infection of PCV2 could suppress the antibody response to JXA1 inactivited vaccine.

The resistance of Eimeria tenella against the anticoccidial drug decoquinate was induced experimentally. The initial concentration of decoquinate was 5.4 mg/kg, E. tenella was serially passaged in chickens with gradually increasing concentration of decoquinate, and it took 9 passages to produce the drug-resistant strain of E. tenella to 54 mg/kg decoquinate. The drug resistance was assessed by RLS (reduction of lesion scores), POAA (percentage optimum anticoccidial activity) and ACI (anticoccidial index). These results of this study would provide foundation and materials for further molecular biological studies of the mechanism of drug resistance.

Sixteen CTX-M-14 producing Escherichia coli isolates from food animal recovered from 2002 to 2009 were subjected to detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) encoding genes,plasmid mediated quinolone resistance determinants,and other relevant resistant genes (rmtB and floR); strains typing using PFGE and phylogrouping; bla_CTX-M-14 plasmid replicon typing,transferring of bla_CTX-M-14 by conjugation,and detection of context of bla_CTX-M-14 gene. Majority of 16 isolates were clonally unrelated by PFGE,suggesting horizontally transfer of bla_CTX-M-14 among food animals,and corresponded to phylogenetic groups A (50%),D (21.5%) and B1 (28.5%). Plasmids containing bla_CTX-M-14a were belonging to IncK (n=3),IncHI2 (n=1),IncHI1 and IncN (n=2),IncFIB and IncF (n=1),IncF (n=5),or IncI1 (n=1),with insertion sequence of ISEcp1 upstream bla_CTX-M-14a,and apparently increased in numbers of replicon and diversity from 2002 to 2009. The increasing dissemination of bla_CTX-M-14 among different food-producing animals is mostly mediated by IncK,IncF,IncHI2,IncI1 plasmids carried by commensal E.coli. Some of CTX-M-14-producing E.coli harbored simultaneously bla_CTX-M-79 or bla_TEM-135, as well other relevant resistant genes,such as oqxA, floR, aac(6')-1b-cr or rmtB. Bla_CTX-M-14 could be transferred separately in isolates of 2002,while co-transferred with other relevant resistant genes on the same plasmid via conjugation or transformation,suggesting co-selection and spread of CTX-M-14 producing isolates when use of any of the relevant antibiotics in animal farms.

Fistula installation leaded to disorder of digestive function in dairy cattle. Feed control and gradually add in feeding management should be adopted after surgery, so feed intake of dairy could be regained little by little. This article reported fistula installation in rumen and duodenum. Nursing care and variation of feed intake and body weight of 11 dairy cattles were also included, for guiding to fistula installation and following nursing care in dairy.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of different primrose seeds level on growth in young quails. 150 quails of 1 day age were divided into 5 groups randomly,each group of 3 repetitions,and each repetition of 10 quails. The first group was the control group of feeding basal ration,and the others was treatment groups of feeding evening primrose seeds (triturated) of 8%,10%,12%,15% on the basal ration. All of the quails were raised for 35 days. The results indicated that slaughter traits were not significantly affected in young quails fed primrose seeds (P＞0.05), and slaughter weight, eviscerated weight and breast muscle rate in young quails fed primrose seeds were numerically higher than the control group. There were no significant difference for the heart,liver, spleen and bursa of fabricius index in young quails fed different diets (P＞0.05). Therefore, it could be concluded that primrose seeds could be used in young quails’diet safely.

This paper was conducted to study the effects on production trait of growing-finishing pig of premix with feeding promoting agent.108 Duroc×Changbai×Meishan growing-finishing pigs which were about 60 kg pigs were selected and divided equally into trial group and control group. The trial group was bred with premix with feeding promoting agent, and the control group was bred with premix without feeding promoting agent. The results showed that premix with feeding promoting agent could significantly improve ADG 15.4% (P<0.05). And intake was increased 15.8% (P<0.01) extreme significantly. Feed conversion was improved 0.1% without significant difference, and earnings was increased 15.3%. Using premix with feeding promoting agent for growing-finishing pig could make satisfactory economic returns.

In order to explore the effect of dietary Huang Chong polypeptide (HCP) on fat and lipids metabolism in Wistar rats. 30 Wistar rats at 6 weeks were randomly allotted into 3 groups. We fed the basal diet which added 20% lard to the first group, and added 10% HCP, 10% fibre based on the first group diet to groups 2 and 3. The experiment period lasted for 8 months. Body weights were detected every weekend, and serum biochemical parameters and Leptin concentration were evaluated by the end of the experiment. The Real-time PCR method was used to dected the expression changes of Leptin mRNA in lipids. The results showed that the body weight of group 2 increased slower than groups 1 and 3 from 18 weeks, the fatty weight of epididymis were inhibited significantly in group 2(P＜0.01), viscera weights were no changed in groups 1, 2 and 3. The serum biochemical parameters of T-Bil, AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and Na⁺ had significant difference(P＜0.05,P＜0.01). The Leptin concentration of groups 2 and 3 were significantly lower than group 1 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (P＜0.01). The Leptin mRNA expression of group 2 was significantly higher than group 1(P＜0.05). The results indicated that Huang Chong polypeptide could inhibit and control fatty in rats.

Schmallenberg disease was first discovered in North Rhine-Westphalia,Germany in November 2011. It was an emerging infectious animal disease caused by Schmallenberg virus,a new member of Orthobunyavirus genus of Bunyaviridae family,which might infect sheep,cattle,goats and bison. This paper summarized recent findings on the history,prevalence,clinical symptoms,etiology,epidemiology,pathological changes and diagnostic methods of the disease. It was believed that Schmallenberg virus spreaded rapidly,and was extremely hazardous to ruminants and livestock production. The disease had already been attached great attention from the EU and OIE. As a major trading country of animal and animal products in the world, China had been a big trade partner of animal and animal products with EU member countries,and should be alert and take necessary restrictive measures to prevent the entrance of the emerging infectious disease.