The level of pesticide residues in milk is relatively quite high as milk is close to the top of food chain. A large number of tests and studies carried out by toxicologists abroad and nationally have demonstrated that risk to health from pesticide residues in milk commonly caused by chronicle, tiny-dose toxic effect, this effect also relates to teratogenicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. National and international organizations to develop the standards and regulations to limit pesticide residues in their milk.The article on the pesticide residue limits in the country and abroad milk were compared and analyzed, reviewed and relevant testing methods and risk monitoring mode.

The residue of veterinary hormones in milk is harmful for people's health. Many countries and international organizations have developed the limits and regulations of homones in milk. In this paper, the limits of homones in milk set by different countries and organizations were compared. The analysis method and risk monitor of homones in milk were also reviewed.

Myostatin(MSTN), an important regulator of embryonic myogenesis and adult skeletal muscle growth, regulated the muscle development by controlling the proliferation and differentiation of myoblast. To explore the biological function of MSTN in sheep fibroblasts, we had amplified the MSTN gene from sheep skeletal muscle by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), deleted the stop codons TGA and cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pAcGFP-N1 by directional clone. So, the fusion protein recombinant plasmid pAcGFP-MSTN had been constructed. After the restriction enzyme digestion of XhoⅠ/SacⅡ and sequencing, the plasmid had been transfected into the sheep fibroblasts by lipofectamine. We also observed the fluorescence expression under the microscope, examined the transcription and translation of the expression vector pAcGFP-MSTN by RT-PCR and western blotting. The results showed that we had successfully cloned sheep MSTN gene, designed the enzyme site of XhoⅠ and SacⅡ at the both ends of MSTN open reading frame by PCR, and constructed the fusion protein expression vector pAcGFP-MSTN. We could observe the green fluorescence after 24 h of the transfection of the recombinant plasmid pAcGFP-MSTN. We also had amplified the transcription product of 1138 bp by RT-PCR. The targeted protein 78 ku was also detected by western blotting. The results would provide the important foundation to detect the regulation mechanism of MSTN in fibroblasts and adipocyte differention.

In order to reveal the construction features of goat insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins 1 (GFBP-1) IGFBP-1 in the molecular level and provide a theoretical basis for further study on its protein expression and physical function in goat. Sequence of IGFBP-1 CDS from liver of newborn Nanjiang Mongolian Grazelle, and of other 19 species from NCBI, were analyzed using biology softwares, including ExPasy, NetPhos, NetOGlyc and SignalP. The complete coding region of goat IGFBP-1 encoded 263 amino acid residues. The theory value of IGFBP-1 pI and Mw was 6.33 and 28.5758 ku, respectively. IGFBP-1 was not a globular protein and the instability index (II) amounted to 53.15, and localized extracellularly. The first 25 amino acid residues formed signal peptide, and there were two hydrophilic regions and four hydrophobic regions in primary sequence of goat IGFBP-1, but no transmembrane helices existed in mature protein. Followed by alpha helix and extended strand, random coil was most popular in the secondary structure. 17 phosphorylation sites (11 Ser sites) and eight o-glycosylation sites (7 Thr sites) were predicted, however, the latter had low confident score. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of IGFBP-1 gene in different species were highly conservative, there were 99% and 98% homology with sheep and bovine at both levels. Further studies showed that the N-terminal domain(26-110) or the C-terminal domain(204-263) of IGFBP-1 shared similarity more than 50% among species, however, the signal peptide(1-25) and midregion(111-203) varied dramatically, for example, goat had the same linked region with sheep, while shared 9% similarity with human. Several motifs including a new segment (FYLPNC) were consistency among 20 species too, while RGD and YF had variants in zebrafish and chicken. The results indicated that IGFBP-1 of goat was an unstable, weakly hydrophilic secretory protein with signal peptide, whose conservation was high among species and not glycosylation but phosphorylation was the main factor to regulate its function.

A pair of primer was designed according to the sequences of avian influenza virus (AIV) on GenBank website. Total RNA from AIV was taken as template to make RT-PCR amplification. The M1 gene of AIV was amplified by RT-PCR.M1 gene was 759 bp in length, encoding 252 amino acids. Comparing with other published M1 cDNA sequences. It showed that the homology of M1 gene was from 99.1% to 99.6%, and the homology of amino acids was from 98.8% to 99.60%.Bioinformatics analysis of this sequence showed that the protein of M1 was hydrophilicand highly antigenic. M1 includes six potential N-glycosylation sites, three potential proteinkinase C phosphorylation sites, two potential caseinkinaseⅡ phosphorylation sites.

A canine distemper virus was isolated from an infected dog in a pet hospital in Hebei. It had 99.5% homology with vaccine strain by sequencing of H gene, and three amino acids changed that had no effect on glycosylation sites. The P1 gene of this strain was cloned into pET32a(+) vector. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into BL21(DE3),Rosetta and protein expression was induced by IPTG. The expression protein had a molecular weight of 50 ku. And expressed mainly in form of dissolubility body. The expressed protein reacted specially with CDV serum in Western blotting and ELISA. IFA result showed that the P1 protein fixed in the cell nucleus.

A strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) was isolated from the domestic dog in Shandong province, the virus was identified by cell pathological effect observation and RT-PCR. The results showed that typical pathological changes appeared on Vero cells inoculated with the treated pathological material. A 287 bp fragment of nucleoprotein(N) gene was amplified from RNA extraction of Vero cell culture inoculated with the virus. The N gene of isolate shared 95.5% to 96.9% nucleotide homology with that of vaccine stains(Onderstepoort and Snyder Hill),and 97.2% to 99.0% nucleotide homology identity with that of virulent strains (A75/17 and 2544/Han95) and field strains (XJ-4, ZJ7, 98-2646 and so on), the phylogenetic tree also suggested that the isolate had close relationship with field strains, it indicated that the isolate was a CDV field strain, which was named QD10.

The objectives of the present study were to analyze sequence variations in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene among Ascaridia galli isolates from different provinces in China,and to study its phylogenetic relationships with roundworms of the other families using cox1 gene sequence. The partial cox1 (pcox1) were amplified from each A.galli sample,and pcox1 sequences were aligned using the Clustal X 1.81. MP and NJ trees were constructed using the software Phylip 3.67 version 4.0 and Mega version 4.0,and ML tree was also constructed using Puzzle version 5.2. The lengths of all the pcox1 sequences were 250 bp. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the eight isolates were clustered in the same clade. Sequence variations in pcox1 sequences within A.galli were 0 to 2.5% which was significantly lower than inter-species differences (6.9% to 15.3%). It is concluded that pcox1 sequences can be used as genetic marker for population genetic studies of A.galli. The results of this study provided foundation for further studies on molecular genetics and diagnostics of A.galli.

This experiment was conducted to obtain the suitable ISSR-PCR reaction system of Columba domestica by orthogonal design. Columba domestica was chosen to study the affecting factors of ISSR-PCR amplification. Orthogonal design of five factors (Mg²⁺, dNTPs, primer, Taq DNA polymerase, template) at four levels was used to establish the suitable ISSR-PCR system by primer ISSR807 in Columba domestica, and the suitable anneal temperature was yielded from gradient PCR on temperature. The results showed that the optimized ISSR-PCR system(25 μL reaction volume) in Columba domestica was proved to be: 10×PCR Buffer 2.5 μL,2.6 mmol/L Mg²⁺,0.2 mmol/L dNTPs,0.4 μmol/L primer,0.5 U Taq DNA polymerase,DNA template 1.2 ng/μL;and suitable anneal temperature was 56.2 ℃. According to the optimum ISSR-PCR reaction system, the results lay a foundation for the analyses of genetic diversity, germplasm resources and genetic relationship of Columba domestica.

To preliminarily locate the resistant gene with multi-resistance in pathogenic E.coli clinically isolated from chicken and provide reasonable evidence to therapeutic treatment. The E.coli strain was isolated from liver and heart of died chicken examined. The drug resistant plasmid, extracted with plasmid extraction kit, was purified after transferred to gene engineering strain JM109. The anti-drug gene was preliminarily located through electrophoresis and drug sensitivity examination. The weeping function of the extracted material from Artemsia argyi to the resistant plasmid was tested. The results indicated that the E.coli strain with strong virulence, isolated from chicken and identified successfully, was multi-resistance to drugs, and only sensitive to fluorine spectinomycin and streptomycin. The preliminary location of anti-drugs gene, which resisted to ciprofloxacin, penicillin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, lincomycin, and cotrimoxazole, was on the certain drug resistant plasmid. The characteristics of resistance to drug could be delivered to the gene engineering strain E.coli, in which the drug resistant plasmid extracted was transferred to. Boiled leaves solution can eliminate 60% the bacteria resistance plasmid. Susceptibility test results showed that the bacteria eliminated resistant plasmids restored sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, penicillin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, lincomycin and cotrimoxazole. Therefore, the anti-drug genes were located on plasmid and chromosome of the isolated strain. The extracted material from leaves had strong weeping function, and could be used as clinical therapeutic medicine.

The objectives of the present study were to amplify and analyse the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene among D.chinensis isolates from Gansu province in China, and to study its phylogenetic relationships with trematodes of the other families using cox1 gene sequence. The partial cox1 (pcox1) were amplified from each D.chinensis sample, and pcox1 sequences were aligned using the Clustal X 1.81. Maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) trees were constructed using the software Phylip 3.67 version 4.0, and ML tree was also constructed using Puzzle version 5.2. The lengths of all the pcox1 sequences were 355 bp. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the D.chinensis samples from Gansu were clustered in the same clade. The present study reported the mitochondrial cox1 sequence of D.chinensis for the first time. The results of this study provided foundation for further studies on molecular genetics and diagnostics of D.chinensis.

The aim of this paper was to amplify full length cDNA genes of Yanbian BoIL-18 and make phylogenetic anylysis.Designing and synthesizing one pair of primers according to bovine IL-18 gene sequences published in GenBank.Bovine IL-18 gene was amplified by RT-PCR from bovine splenic lymphocyte which stimulating by both ConA and PHA for 36 h,then was cloned,double restriction digested and sequenced to identify the positive samples,further to carry out phylogenetic analysis and secondary structure prediction.Having amplified full length cDNA genes of 760 bp of Yanbian BoIL-18,there were two amino acid different.Phylogenetic analysis showed that Yanbian BoIL-18 had high homology with Bos taurus,Capra hircus,Ovis aries,Equus caballus,Sus scrofa,Canis lupus and had low homology with Gallus gallus (51.1%).We make sure the group differences of IL-18 and predicted the secondary structure,laying a foundation for further expressing bovine IL-18, biological activity and utilized as a adjuvant.

Phage display is the technology that allows expression of exogenous (poly) peptides on the surface of phage particles. In recent years, phage display technology has made a great progress in applications about animal viral diseases, and showed a clear advantage in some areas, such as screening viral epitope, antiviral peptides and vaccine design et al. This review focuse on introducing its theory and applications in viral diseases. And hope to make a guide to follow-up study.

Molecular biology methods make up the insufficiency of the traditional morphological classification with the advantages of convenience and high specificity. So molecular classification provides a powerful tool for the identification of species or strains of Echinococcus.The research progress on molecular classification of Echinococcus was summarized in this paper, which was studied by analysis of mitochondrial genes (such as cox1, nad1, cob, and so on) and ribosomal genes.

Nonstructural protein NS3 is considered a molecular marker for the cytopathic biotype of bovine viral diarrhea virus and has a variety of biological functions. It has been reported that NS3 played an important role in the processing of other nonstructural proteins, the release of mature particles, viral RNA replication, transcription and the generation of cytopathic effect in the host cell. This paper summarizes the biological properties of NS3 and its related functions, which lays the foundation for further study on the mechanism of NS3-induced cytopathic effect.

In order to study the biological characteristics of Haemophilus parasuis in pig farms parts of northern Xinjiang, we used microbiology and immunology methods to isolate and identify the Haemophilus parasuis, including physiological and biochemical, cultural and molecular characteristics. Disk diffusion was selected of drug-resistant to isolates. Mice acted a pathogenicity experimental animal model. The results showed the pigs of this region had been infected by Haemophilus parasuis widespread. Five isolates not only had a stronger pathogenic to mice, but also to gentamicin sulfate and oxytetracycline hydrochloride had drug-resistant.

The VP60 gene of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus was cloned by RT-PCR and sequenced after purification, and then the amplied fragment was linked into prokaryotic expression vector pET28b(+). The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli JM109. The identification was right, the recombinant plasmid was transformed into host strain E.coli Rosetta^TM,and induced by IPTG. The expressed protein of 62.0 ku was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.

The article acts according to nucleocapsid protein gene sequence on GenBank and designs one pair of primers which could amplify 245 bp fragment. A series of test results indicated that this method has the very strong specificity and the very high sensitivity, may take porcine epidemic diarrhea virus the clinical fast diagnosis one method.

The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of a supplemental yeast or yeast culture (YC) on milk production of dairy cow. Lactating dairy cows (n=7 groups,each containing 10 cows) were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 diets containing 60 g/d of YC-Ⅰ,50 g/d of YC-Ⅱ,10 g/d of YC-Ⅲ,10 g/d of YC-Ⅳ,15 g/d of YC-Ⅴ,15 g/d of YC-Ⅵ. Treatments were diets either supplemented with yeast cultures or not supplemented with YC (control). Cows were fed and milked twice daily. The basal diets include 20 kg corn silage,3 kg Chinese wildrye,2 kg alfalfa hay and 9 kg complete formula feed for dairy cow. The results showed that cows supplemented with YC-Ⅱ had a higher milk yield than those not fed yeast culture (P<0.05); milk fat was higher in YC-Ⅰ,YC-Ⅱ and YC-Ⅲ than in Ctrl (P<0.05); milk protein was higher in YC-Ⅳ than in cnotrol group; There was no effect of dietary treatment on milk solid; somatic cell count in YC-Ⅱ,YC-Ⅲ and YC-Ⅳ were decreased,but there was no significant difference(P>0.05). Therefore,the results indicated that supplement of yeast or yeast culture can positively affect milk production of dairy cow.

This study was designed to investigate effects of supplementation of composite probiotics on the length of intestine, pH value and microflora in the cecal of Layer Breeders. A total of 320 one-day-old Hy-Line brown parents were randomly divided into four groups,each group was assigned 4 replications and 20 layers per replication. Control group feeding basal diet, test 1, 2, 3 groups in the basal diet were added 50, 100, 200 g/t of composite probiotics. The results showed that:① Compared with the control group, on 21 days of age, duodenum, jejunum, ileum relative length was significantly lower in add compound probiotics group breeder (P<0.05); 42 days of age, test 2 group significantly reduced the relative length of the ileum (P<0.05); 112 days of age, the relative length of the jejunum and ileum compared with the control group was significantly shorter in test 1 group (P<0.05), test 3 group relative length of the duodenum was significantly shorter (P<0.05). ② test 1, 2 group, on 21-day-old, jejunum and ileum of the pH value was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05), test 3 group PH value of the duodenum on 21,42,112-day-old and the jejunum on 42 day-old was significantly lower (P<0.05). ③ Adding compound probiotics could significantly increased the number of cecal lactic acid bacteria in 21-day-old breeders, (P<0.05), which test 2 group was the largest number of lactic acid bacteria, compared with the control group, increased 11.76%, followed by the test 1, 3 groups; adding probiotics for 42 days and 112-day-old chicken of the cecal microbial were no significant effect. The results indicated that, feed composite probiotics could reduce the relative length of small intestine, reduce the intestinal pH value and can improve the intestinal flora so that to promote healthy growth of the layer breeders. In this experiment to add 100 g/t of composite probiotics is preparation for appropriate amount added.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on lipids metabolic enzymes of liver and adipose tissue in Wujin pigs. Fifty-four Wujin pigs were randomly allotted into three groups fed diet containing different energy levels, there were eighteen pigs in each group with three replicates, six pigs were used in per replicates. Wujin pigs fed on the dietary protein levels were 18%,16%, 14% and 16%,14%, 12% and 14%,12%, 10% during the growth stages of 15 to 30,30 to 60 and 60 to 100 kg body weight, respectively, during the growth stages of 15 to 30,30 to 60 and 60 to 100 kg body weight, the dietary trace element contents in one group were constant. At the body weight of 30, 60 and 100 kg, Wujin pigs were slaughtered and liver and back subcutaneous fatty tissue were taken for analyzing contents of lipase(LPS), glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and malate dehydrogenase(MDH). The results showed that the contents of LPS,G-6-PDH and MDH in liver and back subcutaneous fatty tissue of Wujin pigs were not affected significantly by the dietary energy level at 30 kg body weight (P>0.05). At 60 and 100 kg body weight, the contents of LPS in liver and back subcutaneous fatty tissue of Wujin pigs fed on the high energy level dietary were significantly higher than the low energy level dietary(P<0.05), and, the contents of LPS,G-6-PDH and MDH in liver and back subcutaneous fatty tissue of Wujin pigs fed on the high energy level dietary were significantly lower than the low energy level dietary (P<0.05). The results indicated that higher energy level of dietary could increase endogenous energy release, body fat deposition ratio influenced in Wujin pigs at growth midanaphase.

The experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Chinese herb medicinal prescriptions on serum ion concentration of laying hens under chronic high temperature.In the experiment,250 healthy Hyline Brown laying hens,aged 60-weeks,were allocated to 5 groups at random and each group included 50 laying hens respectively. The groups 1 to 4 were with the basic diets containing 1% concentrations of traditional Chinese herbal compound 1,traditional Chinese herbal compound 2,traditional Chinese herbal compound 3,0.04% vitamin C respectively,the group 5 was control group. Feed intake,egg quantity,egg weight,soft broken egg ratio,and the death number were recorded every day,use the kit detected serum ion concentration.The results indicated that Chinese herb medicinal prescriptions not only enhance production performance,but also boost the Ca,K,P,Na,in blood of laying hen,and enhance heat-resisting ability better than vitamin C.

To explore the relationship between the influence of proliferation and laminin belong to extracellular matrix in mammary epithelial cell of dairy cow from different hormone and cytokine related lactation. Took the normal mammary glands tissue in lactation dairy cow and cultured the mammary epithelial cells in vitro, deteminate the influence of prolactin (PRL), bovine growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-Ⅰ), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-Ⅱ) on the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells in dairy cow with MTT under laminin coating or not. The facilitation in proliferation with blood serum, differernt hormone and cytokine related lactation was found by GH and IGF-Ⅰ (P<0.05) under laminin coating, cell survival was maintained by PRL and IGF-Ⅱ (P<0.05).Under the condition of un-blood serum, different hormone and cytokine related lactation haplo-addition has phanero-less proliferation (P>0.05). Cell growth has different encouraged by PRL, GH, IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-Ⅱ with laminin uncoating and blood serum (P<0.05); the proliferation was higher up-setted by IGF-Ⅰ (P<0.05). Laminin as culture matrix is encourage-less to the normal mammary epithelial cells in lactation dairy cow cultured in vitro, which is beneficial for auxo-survival by PRL and IGF-Ⅱ. The action of proliferation and survival were encouraged by PRL, GH, IGF-Ⅰ and IGF -Ⅱ, which needed blood serum. The proliferation ability of IGF-Ⅰ is highest.

Aim to provide experimental data for the research and development of flavonoids as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS),the substituent effects on the anti-inflammatory effect of five flavonoids against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) have been studied. Flavone (FLA),5,7-dihydroxyflavone (DFL),5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone (TFL),apigenin-7-glucoside (APG) and linarin (LIN) were carried out to investigate for anti-inflammatory effects against LPS-induced NO. TFL significantly inhibited generation of NO on LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The 4'-OH was essential for the anti-inflammatory effect of TFL against LPS-induced NO.

Bacillus sublitis was inoculated in soybean meal substrate, this fermented soybean meal was detected crude protein and hydrolysis of protein. Compared the increase of crude protein and hydrolysis of protein, fermentation conditions including carbon resource, temperature, moisture, culturetime and inoculant concentration were optimized by orthogonal design. The result showed that the sequence of effect factor for crude protein increase were cornmeal ration> culture time > temperature > wheat bran ration > moisture > wheat short ration > inoculant concentration. The highest crude protein increase was 28.05% in culture condition was A₃B₁C₃D₃E₂F₂G₁. The sequence of effect factor for hydrolysis of protein increase were temperature > culture time > cornmeal ration > inoculant concentration > wheat bran ration > wheat short ration > moisture. The highest hydrolysis of protein increase was 46.46% in culture condition was A₂B₃C₁D₃E₃F₃G₁. The increase rate of crude protein and hydrolysis of protein counted was positive relevance (R²=0.556).

To study the method of primary culture of cadiocytes in vitro using tissue explants of cardiac muscles isolated from neonatal Wistar rats. The hearts of the neonatal rats were removed and cut into small pieces, using the method of trypsinization isolated cell and cultivated in DMEM/F12 culture medium with 20% culture medium, daily observation under inverted phase contrast microscope. The results observed that several cells had the characteristic of rhythmic contraction after cultured 48 h; after 72 h, the cells gradually spread and the rhythmic contraction was 60 to 70 times/min and they were confirmed to be cadiocytes. Furthermore the cadiocytes were positive, which were identified by immunofluorescence with cTnT antibody and immunohistochemical strain of α-actin monoclonal antibody. This method of tissue culture is simple by which more single cadiocytes with good functional status can be obtained.

This experiment studied the growth and development rules of Jilin geese feather(eiderdown). 15 geese were selected randomly on the 34th, 44th, 54th and 64th day. After those geese were slaughtered by means of the neck bloodletting, the feathers of abdomen, wing, back and tail were collected. The main measurement included the length of feather axis, feather sticks, feather roots and down. The results showed that the down, the weather sticks and the feather axis in the same parts have the same growth trend, while the feather roots have the opposite growth trend, and the feather in different parts had different growth rate.

Direct-tissue culturing was used to isolate and culture rat epidermal stem cells. Then, observe the appearance of the culturing cells, and the expression of CK15, P63 and α6-integrin in ESCs were detected by immunohistochemistry staining. By the way, the ESCs marked by α6-integrin were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). Meanwhile, the growth curve of epidermal stem cells was also detected. We could isolate, purify and culture rat epidermal stem cells successfully by direct-tissue culturing method and these cells grew well. Immuno-histochemistry staining showed that CK15, P63 and α6-integrin were strongly expressed in the cultured epidermal stem cells. According to the flow cytometry, the probability of sticky cells marked by α6-integrin was 80%, while the probability of unsticky cells marked by α6-integrin was only 2%.

To explore the relationship between expression of IGF-Ⅰand development and lactation ability of dairy cow mammary gland, the expression of IGF-Ⅰ in dairy cow mammary tissue was detected using qRT-PCR. The cell culture, qRT-PCR, and MTT assay were also used to test the effects of IGF-Ⅰ on dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. The results showed that expression of IGF-Ⅰ in mammary tissue in puberty cow was the highest. After IGF-Ⅰ addition, IGF-ⅠR expression, proliferation ability of mammary epithelial cells and beta casein expression were raised. The results suggest that IGF-Ⅰ probably promotes IGF-ⅠR expression, further encourages the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells and increases beta casein content.

The effects of carcass grade on the carcass composition and meat quality was investigated using 400 Holstein veal in China. Except for the cuts percentage in dressed carcass, the value of other traits increased with the class of carcass conformation and fat coverage. Statistically differences were found among different carcass grades in the weight of carcass, cuts, prime cuts and so on;No significant differences were found in meat quality properties from different conformation classes. Increased fat class was accompanied by greater protein content, fat content and sensory properties. Moisture, cooking losses, shear force and L* value decreased with fat class. Fat content and juiciness differ among fat classes. In conclusion, our results indicate that the EU classification system is a good discriminator of carcass composition, but it appears to be slightly related to meat quality.

Superovulation (the super-row) can induce a large number of follicular maturation, ovulation, and increase the number of embryos can be transplanted, which plays a vital role in embryo transfer of livestock and also is the basic means of transgenic animal production and animal cloning. We discuss the methods and characters of superovulation, with influencing factors of superovulation effect and a general discussion about the latest progress of superovulation technology in the application of the cervid,propose the problems and the prospects.

According to GenBank published sequences for the chicken IGF1R gene, 2 pairs of primers were designed for ex-ons 2 and 3, the G26336A, C111014A loci polymorphism for IGF1R gene of chicken were detected by using the method of DNA sequencing and use of pool PCR-SSCP technique, and the correlation analysis of production traits of chicken were also studied. The results showed that AA genotype of G26336A sites showed a significant lower than BB genotype (P<0.05) for 56 days of age body weigh, AA and AB genotype showed a significant lower than BB genotype (P<0.05) for 84 days of age body weight. CC, CD genotypes of C111014A site for birth weight was significantly lower than the DD genotype (P<0.05), CC genotype for the 300 days of age body weight was significantly lower than DD genotype (P<0.05). The results preliminarily showed that the IGF1R gene is either a major gene that influences the body weight traits of chicken or a molecular marker in close linkage with such a gene.

PCR-RFLP method was used to detect the polymorphism of BMPR-IB gene which controled the fecundity of Booroola Merino as a candidate gene on the fecundity of Cele Black sheep. The results showed that BMPR-IB gene had polymorphism in 100 Cele Black Sheep which were selected randomly. Three genotypes were found in Cele Black sheep, the genotypes frequencies of BB, B+ and ++ were 0.10, 0.43 and 0.47, the allelic frequencies of B and + were 0.315 and 0.685, and the genotype distribution was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). This showed that BMPR-IB gene is probably one of the candidate genes with affecting the fecundity of Cele Black sheep.

This study aimed to investigate molecular genetic characteristics of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) β gene and elucidate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FSHβ on some reproductive performance in Nuogu pig. We used polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing the coding sequence of the FSHβ gene in 58 individuals. The results showed that two new polymorphic sites were found in exon 2 on 6699 bp and 6708 bp. The A allele frequency was 0.288,the B allele frequency was 0.119,while the C allele frequency was 0.593. There were no significant difference in five genotypes(AA,CC,AB,AC,BC),because of the two mutant sites were the synonymy mutations.

260 purebred Rugao Yellow hens were used to analyze the association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in follicle stimulate hormone receptor (FSHR) gene with the reproductive traits in Rugao Yellow chicken.3 SNPs in the intron 2 of FSHR gene were detected by SELDI-TOF.The results showed that the mutation of C+29329A was significantly associated with the age of the first egg(AFE),egg weight of 40 w(EW40),the weight of the first egg(FEW)(P<0.05). The polymorphism of C+30582G was just significantly associated with the total number of egg of EN40 (P<0.05).The mutation of G+51411A was significantly associated with the body weight at the first egg(BWFE), AFE and EN40(P<0.05). The results indicated that the FSHR is a potential marker for reproduction traits to be used in conjunction with classic selection methods.

During the past decades,the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) on animals and humans has caused wide attention. A large body of information have demonstrated that EDCs can cause the male reproductive developmental disorders such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, testicular cancer, as well as decreased quality of semen. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the published literature on the effects of EDCs on leydig cell function and steroidogenesis with particular focus on male reproduction and fertility.

In order to reveal the effects on ovulation and reproduction traits, differentially expressed genes in pig ovaries was detected. We performed the mRNA differential diplay (DD) technique to investigate the differences in gene expression in the ovary tissues from Meishan and Duroc. Nine expressed sequence tags (ESTs), differentially expressed between Meishan and Duroc, were isolated and identified through semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the 3 ESTs showed similarity to known genes published in GenBank. Tissue expression profile analysis showed that the ESTs were expressed differently in heart, liver, lung, kidney, muscle, fat (subcutaneous fat little legs, the same below), small intestine, brain, ovary, uterus, spleen, oviduct. The results indicated the diversity of differential display direction of genes between Meishan and Duroc. The results also suggested that the differentially expressed genes will resulte in the differences of reproductive traits in pigs and provide the basic research for further study on the molecular mechanism of ovulation regulatory network.

Deer products are valuable traditional Chinese medicine. In the market, the phenomenon of mixing the false with the genuine is ubiquitous. Scientific researchers have done lots of works on it. The paper summarizes the methods which can identify the deer products and reviews the advances on the identification of deer products in these years. These identification methods include morphological identification method, microscopic method,physiochemical characteristics method and molecular biology methods. The paper provides a reference for further study, raises some questions and puts forward further research directions in the identification of deer products.

To study the repeated superovulation effect in brief period in wagyu-catalo,100 head of wagyu-catalo were superovulated continuously for three times from Jun in 2011 to Aug in 2011. The three times superovulation obtained the mean of embryo recovered were 11.65±8.96,13.28±7.69 and 13.24±8.39,respectively;the mean of usable embryos were 7.52±7.16,8.51±6.94 and 8.92±6.59,respectively. The experimental results indicated that,a good result could be obtained by proceeding consecutively three times repeated superovulation in 33 d interval in wagyu-catalo. There were obvious individual differences in the effect of superovulation.The superovulation efficiency of primiparous was a little better than multipara cow(P>0.05),but the number of available embryos of multiparous was better than primiparous cow notablely(P<0.05).

The human myxovirus resistance(Mx) protein is a GTPase and a key mediator of the interferon-induced antiviral response against a wide range of viruses, and can inhibit the replication of a wide range of negative-and positive-strand RNA viruses as well as DNA viruses. Here we briefly review the most salient features of Mx genes and protein in the structure and antiviral function, and prospects development of antiviral transgenic animal breeding using this gene.

In this study, GX-08 strain was selected to perform virus infection test on 26 d chickens and 20 d muscovy ducks at the dose of 10^5.5EID₅₀.The morbility and mortality of chickens infected with viruses through intramuscular route were 100% and 100%, 70% and 70% for muscovy ducks. The morbility and mortality of chicken infected with viruses through both oral and oculonasal routes were 80% and 30%, 20% and 20% in muscovy ducks. Pathological changes of digestive tract and some respiratory tract of the infected chicken were severe, which was characterized as the infection of typical visceratonia ND. In comparison with slight pathological changes in digestive tract and some respiratory tract, obvious pathological change were observed in liver, spleen, pancreas etc. of muscovy ducks. It indicated that GX-08 strain had highly pathogenicity in ducks and chickens, causing systemic infections involving many organs and tissues in duck and chicken, and resulting in the invasion and death. In in vitro tests, cell lesions could be observed in both CEF monolayers and DEF monolayers inoculated with GX-08 strain at the dose of 200 TCID₅₀, and the cells were destroyed completely at about 96 and 84 h respectively. In comparison with CEFs, the cytopathic effect on DEFs infected with virus developed more rapidly, the number of syncytial cells and its nuclei were more, and the HA titer in the culture supernatants was higher. The results indicated that GX-08 strain could cause cytopathic effects to CEFs and DEFs, and induced stronger syncytium formation in DEFs than CEFs.

Classical swine fever was a serious disease hazard pig industry, studying classical swine fever virus of molecular biology could reveal viral replication and pathogenesis, find key sites of immune protection, and lay the foundation for the development of new vaccines. This paper summarized recent classical swine fever virus genome research and related proteins, maded for future research prospects.

The effect of administering feedlot cattle subtherapeutic levels of chlortetracycline (CT) or CT and therapeutic levels of oxytetracycline (CT-OX) on resistance genotype in Escherichia coli was investigated. Isolated E. coli from fecal samples. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline using disk diffusion or broth microdilution. Detection of tet(A), tet(B) and tet(C) genes encoded by tetracycline-resistant isolates (n＝176) were performed by multiplex PCR. All isolates encoded one or a combination of two resistance genes. Prevalence of tet(A) was similar between groups of E. coli, however prevalence of tet(B) was lower(P<0.05) and tet(C) was greater(P<0.05) in CT isolates. The nature of the tet determinants was further assessed in a group of intermediately tetracycline-resistant isolates (n＝52). Minimum inhibitory concentrations showed that susceptibility was dependent on tetracycline analogue and the type of resistance determinant. The tet(C) gene was present in 92% of these isolates. Copies of tet(C) transcripts, analyzed by real-time PCR, indicated that up-regulation did not occur in tetracycline-resistant isolates when compared to intermediately-resistant isolates. However, sequence analysis of the tet(C) gene revealed a T→G substitution at position 1063 in resistant isolates that may have affected phenotype. These data provide insight into the relationship between the type of tetracycline analogue administered to cattle and the prevalence of resistance genes in E. coli.

A pair of primers were designed according to the sequence of specific Mycobacterium paratuberculosis gene of C-2 chromosome(ISMav2), the ISMav2 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into pMD18-T vector and then the gene sequence was detected.The results showed that the target gene band at a length 246 bp was amplified by PCR,with a homology of 99.6% to the gene sequence reported in GenBank. The experiments had proved that PCR assay possessed a high specificity,DNA bands couldn't be amplified in other bacterial except Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. And the sensitivity test results indicated that PCR assay was more sensitive,which could detect ISMav2 with only 1 pg/mL DNA.The successfully construction of the PCR assay provides strongly technical support for detection,identification and epidemiological investigations of bovine paratuberculosis.

As the numerous serotype, high rate of secondary, natural regionalism, prominent resistance to the medicine,high outbreaks of E.coli,E.coli disease has been seriously affected cultured industry of China.It should base on prevention in practice. The article reported the survey and current situation study of E.coli and its pathogenic factor of outer membrane protein and outer membrane protein A.

Astragalus polysaccharids have many bioactivities and have been applicated as immunopotentiator and antiviral drug in animal production. It has been used to treat diseases as hepatitis and tumor in clinic. In this view, the immunological pharmacology and application of astragalus polysaccharids are summarized for better development and utilization.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection in Dali region. The 243 swine serum from Dali region was collected and detected the antibody of PPV by indirect ELISA. The result showed that the scatter-feed live pig's positive rate of anti-PPV was 85.60%. It indicated that the porcine parvovirus was widespread in Dali region and the result deserves our attention.

This investigation was aim to understand the prevalence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (MO) in Yanbei region of Shanxi province and to provide scientific basis for disease prevention and control. 96 serum specimens of sheep or goats were selected randomly from 12 counties of Datong, Shuozhou and Xinzhou in Yanbei region. The serologic survey was conducted by indirect hemagglutination test. 37 serum samples were positive, and the average positive rate of MO was 38.54%, the highest was Xinzhou(44%), the lowest was Shuozhou(25%). The positive rate in different counties of the same city was different too,such as Datong with the highest in Hunyuan county (66.7%). Farming style, environmental sanitation, introduced quarantine, or age of animal all had effect on the development of MO. These results suggested that the positive rate of MO in Yanbei, Shanxi was relatively high, and poor ventilation and hygienic quality were the main inducing factors.

Hepatitis E virus is a kind of RNA virus, mainly causes the acute infectious hepatitis, this virus not only may infect the human, but many kinds of animals also have the possibility to be used as its natural host. This article from the etiology, the epidemiology, the detection method and its vaccine development several aspects carries on the summary.

Pharmacokinetics of quinocetone and its three main metabolites in swine were investigated in this study. Quinocetone was administered to 7 healthy cross-bread swine orally at a dosage of 40 mg/kg,The concentration of quinocetone and its major metabolites in plasma were detected using the high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS) method,the concentration-time data were analyzed with WinNonlin5.2 program. After oral administration, quinocetone and its three major metabolites were detected. Plasma drug concentration-time data of quinocetone after oral administration was found to be fitted to one compartment open model with first order absorption and its pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: T_1/2Ka＝(0.97±0.08)h,T_1/2λz＝(2.79±0.16)h,CL＝(26.03±0.65)L/h·kg,Cmax＝(0.26±0.01)μg/mL,Tmax＝(2.23±0.06)h,AUC＝(1.54±0.04)h·μg/mL. Plasma drug concentration-time data of demonoxyquinocetone and desoxyquinocetone were analyzed by non-compartmental model and its pharmacokinetic parameters were respectively as follows:demonoxyquinocetone, Tmax＝(6.33±1.37)h,Cmax＝(8.81±2.08) ng/mL,T_1/2λz＝(3.03±1.27)h,AUC＝(0.07±0.01)h·ng/mL,MRT＝(6.58±0.40)h;desoxyquinocetone,Tmax＝(10.29±0.29)h,Cmax＝(6.20±1.11)ng/mL,T_1/2λz＝(5.84±2.78)h,AUC＝(0.15±0.01)h·ng/mL,MRT＝(3.64±0.72)h.MQCA were detected in several samples. Quinocetone was rapidly absorbed and metabolized in swine after oral administration;three metabolites were detected,but their concentration were low.

In order to construct the retroviral vector with sheep Sox2 to induce ovine somatic cell to iPS, sheep Sox2 gene was cloned, and then linked with retroviral vector pMXs. 293GP cells were co-transfected by the vector and pVSV-G. Viral supernatant was infected sheep fibroblast cells in order to detect the expression of Sox2. The results were showed as followed. PCR and restriction enzyme digestion revealed that pMXs-Sox2 plasmid was constructed successfully. Expression of Sox2 was detected in sheep fibroblasts cell after being infected by the viral supernatant obtained. The results indicated that the vector obtained could be used to induce sheep somatic cell reprogramming.

Inosinic acid is the flavor-producing substances of animal muscle. This paper reviewed the recent advances on inosinic acid, the flavor mechanism of inosinic aicd, as well as its metabolic pathway and influencing factors. The problem in current research work of inosinic acid and research direction in the future were proposed in this paper in order to provide references for further researches on animal flavor quality.

This investigation and analysis were carried on canine parvovirus from 2009 to 2010 of Jilin city. Chosing 5684 disease canine from 9 clinical hospital, through clinical examination and laboratory diagnosis to make a definite diagnosis, get 4124 different types of canine parvovirus were got. Results indicated that esoenteritis pattern was main type (49.64%); breed variety affect canine parvovirus arised, pure breed canine was higher than indigenous breed in disease incidence, respectively was 62.85% and 11.99%; puppy (1 to 3 month) were esay to fall ill, was 65.11%; 2 to 3 and 11 to 12 month were higher morbidity than other months; canine parvovirus was also concerned with immune frequency. So, preventing canine parvovirus methods were to chose high-quality vaccinum, increase immune frequency percent every year, have a reasonable breed environment, and enhance to protect in season and age stage of easily fall ill.

The quality and safety of raw milk is always the focus of attention,strengthen the quality and safety of raw milk supervision,to ensure the quality and safety of raw milk, the protective consumer health is particularly important. The author summarized connotation of raw milk quality safety, influencing factors and control measures, etc, in order to provide reference for the production and management.

The avian influenza has been listed as influenza pandemic alert level 5 by the World Health Organization (WHO); China has been listed as first class of infectious diseases. The outbreak of the disease is not only devastating for the poultry industry hazards, but also a serious threat to human life. This rapid and accurate diagnosis of avian influenza prevention and control is of great significance, this method of diagnosis of avian influenza research briefly reviewed.

Significant progress has been made in genetic engineering vaccine research and development,genetic engineering vaccine has come from theory to practical use,and becomes a development trend in bio-product industry. The progress and the classification of animal genetic engineering vaccine,as well as their potential security were reviewed and analysized in this article.

One hundred and twenty Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ) with 30 mice per group(half female and half male). Ⅰgroup was conventional feeding as a control group, Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳgroups were respectively added to different proportion of compound traditional Chinese medicine in the feed with 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.50% of compound Chinese medicine. Results showed that thymus index and spleen index of mice in Ⅲ, Ⅳgroups were significant increase(P<0.05 or P<0.01) in the third week, compared to control group. When serum biochemical index of mice was determined in the first and the third week, total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) in Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳgroups, cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TG) in Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups, all increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Meanwhile, MID and LYM of mice in Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups also increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the immune organs development of mice can be promoted which were fed with Chinese herbal medicine superfine powder.

In referring to various methods for RNA extraction from different animal tissues, we modified the extraction procedure and reaction system by using RNAlater preservation solution and Trizol reagent. With the modified total RNA extraction method, we successfully obtained high quality total RNA from goat and sheep skin tissues. Extracted total RNA could be meet the need of relevant molecular experiment based on RNA analysis technology.

In order to study the effects of compoud additive on reproductive performance of minks, the 36 female breeder mink and 6 male mink were selected and assigned to control and experiment groups. The control group minks were fed with basic diet for 120 days, while experimental group eat the compoud additive (3 g/d) except with basic diet. The reproductve performance indicators of both two groups were meatured, including male mink sperm activity, conception rates, averagenumber ofpiglets, weaned survival rates and weaned average weight. The results showed that compared with control group of the same age, the number of male mink sperm activity, conception rates, averagenumber of piglets, weaned survival rates and weaned average weight all increased obviously. The results showed that the compoud additives could improve reproductive performance obviously. The increasing rates of above reproductve performance of experiment group were respectively 2.44%,3.93%,13.04%,2.49% and 1.86% compare with control group.